بررسي اسلوب خط در نسخه اي از رساله احكام نجوم

A Study of Script Style in One of the Risalah Ahkam- e- Nojoom Manuscript

خط نامتعارف و كمتر شناخته شده ا?ي كه نسخه ‌اي از كتاب احكام نجوم (كتابخانه، موزه و مركز اسناد مجلس شوراي اسلامي، شماره 17225) بدان كتابت شده، يكي از حلقه?هاي گمشده را در تاريخ خوشنويسي ايراني نمايان مي?سازد. به نظر مي رسد با توجه به شباهت‎ها و تفاوت‎هاي اين خط با نسخ و كوفي شرقي، خط نسخه احكام نجوم را مي‎توان اسلوب ويژه?اي براي كتابت نسخ خطي در برهه اي از تاريخ در نظر گرفت. اين پژوهش با هدف مطالعه اين خط كمتر شناخته شده و همچنين گمانه‌ زني درباره تاريخِ احتمالي كتابتِ نسخه بي ‌انجامه احكام نجوم، به شيوه تاريخي، تحليلي و تطبيقي صورت مي گيرد. خط نسخه احكام نجوم، خط نَسخي است كه برخي از ويژگي?هاي كوفي شرقي را با خود دارد. با در نظر گرفتن مشتركات ظاهري خط اين نسخه با نسخه هاي كهن فارسي ديگر همچون كتاب الابنيه عن حقايق الادويه، ترجمان البلاغه، معاني كتاب الله تعالي و تفسيره المنير و تحديد نهايات الاماكن لتصحيح مسافات المساكن، احتمال دارد نسخه مورد بررسي ما در حوالي قرون پنجم تا ششم هجري قمري به قيد كتابت درآمده باشد. همچنين، شباهت اسلوب خط در نمونه هاي فوق، احتمال وجود شيوه اي مرسوم در خط نسخ در حدود قرون پنجم و ششم هجري قمري را تا حد زيادي تاييد مي‎كند.

Manuscripts are considered as one of the most valuable cultural and artistic heritage that from the beginning has had an important place in Islamic culture. In one hand, consideration and valuation of Islamic religion was toward writing and reading and on the other hand, ban on making picture in this religion, directed all attention to tradition manuscript. However, in Islamic realm, prescription along with writing Quran became popular from the eighth/second century and it was used until the end of the previous century, because printing industry was used in Islamic countries due to the altitude place of script. Among several elements that have important role in creating manuscript, written elements of script has particular importance However, in more researches done on graphology of manuscripts, only known and common scripts have been allocated and unknown scripts have been ignored. Because of this, by observing 20 thousand manuscripts of library of Islamic Parliament, finally Risalah Ahkam- e- Nojoom manuscript has been chosen which is remarkable because of the new and different feature of script style. Unknown and uncommon script has been written in one of Ahkam- e- Nojoom manuscript (Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran Parliament, No. 17225) which shows one of the missing parts in the history of Islamic calligraphy. In this article, the main hypothesis is aimed to study the script style in Ahkam- e- Nojoom manuscript and it seems that given to similarities and differences of this script with Naskh and East Kufic, we can consider script style in Ahkam- e- Nojoom manuscript as one of the specific methods of writing during the history. This study is done with the purpose of unknown script typology in manuscript of Ahkam- e- Nojoom and reaching to the probable date for writing Ahkam- e- Nojoom manuscript. Also, on the other hand, it is inspiring for Persian type designer by a new idea in type design and provides different contexts in this field of graphic design. The present study is allocated to examine visual features of unknown script in the Ahkam- e- Nojoom manuscript by comparative, analytic and historic method. In this article, the whole structure and visual features of its letterforms which relate to Islamic calligraphy is considered, As a result, the script style of Ahkam- e- Nojoom is Naskh script that has some of the features of East Kufic. Also, the secondary hypothesis is confirmed by considering the common feature of this script with other Old Persian manuscript like Al-Abnia An Haqayiq al-Advia (Austria Public library, No. A.F.340), Tarjuman al-Balagha (Fatih library in Istanbul, No.5413), Maani Kitab Allah Taala Wa Tafsireh al-Munir (Topkapi Sarayi museum, No. 209) and Tahdid Nahayat al-Amakin li-Tasʹhih Masafat al Masakin (Fatih library in Istanbul, No. 3386). It is probable that the present manuscript is dated to about six or five century. Moreover, similarity in script style in the above examples can probably confirm the existence of a common method in manuscript of five and six century. We hope that the present study provides backgrounds for more research.