بوروكراسي دولتي و خروج برخي نيروهاي متخصص از ايران: درآمدي مقايسه‏اي

State Bureaucracy and Departure of Some Experts from Iran: Aomparative Introduction

در زمينه‌ي نقش دولت در توسعه ديدگاه‌هاي مطرح شده به‌طور كلي به دو دسته قابل تقسيم‌اند. كساني‌كه براي دولت قائل به نقش حداقلي هستند و تاكيد بر جامعه و نقش آن دارند و كساني‌كه براي دولت نقش حداكثري قائل هستند و دولت را كارگزار اصليِ توسعه مي‌دانند. «پيتر اونز» در دسته دوم قرار مي‌گيرد و مفهوم دولت ناكارآمد را در مقابل دولت كارآمد معرفي مي‌كند. از زمان شكل‌گيري دولتِ مدرن در ايران و توسعه‌ي بوروكراسي شاهدِ ناكارآمدي آن بوده‌ايم؛ تداوم اين مسئله به ناكارمدي دولت، خروج نيروهاي متخصص از كشور و تعميق توسعه نيافتگي كشور انجاميده است. پژوهشِ حاضر تلاش دارد تا رابطه‌ي بوروكراسي ناكارآمد و خروج نيروهاي متخصص از ايران در دولت نهم و دهم در قالب اين فرضيه كه ناكارآمدي بوروكراتيك در ايران از عوامل تاثيرگذار بر خروج نيروهاي متخصص است؛ مورد بررسي قرار دهد. در اين راستا تاكيد بر بوروكراسي كارآمد و انطباق آن با بوروكراسي وبري سبب مي‌شود تا در كنار نظريه‌ي اونز، نظريه‌ي بوروكراسي وبر نيز به‌كار گرفته شود. در نهايت بررسي عناصر كليدي بوروكراسي مبتني بر اقتدار عقلاني قانوني در تركيب با ويژگي‌هاي دولت‌هاي كارآمد و ناكارآمد و نظريه‌ي جاذبه و دافعه مي‌تواند معيار مناسبي باشد، تا نشان دهد چگونه دولت مي‌تواند با كاستن از نقش‌هاي خود و جذب نيروهاي متخصص و توانمند، خود را از جرگه‌ي دولت ناكارآمد خارج و به دولت كارآمد نزديك و به اين شيوه زمينه را براي كاهش روندِ خروج نيروهاي متخصص از كشور و در نهايت تحقق توسعه فراهم آورد.

Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between inefficient bureaucracy and specialists’ exit from Iran in the ninth and tenth government time period as the main question of the research in the framework of this hypothesis that bureaucratic inefficiency in Iran is one of the factors influencing specialists’ exit. Studying the key elements of the bureaucracy based on legalrational authority in combination with the characteristics of efficient and inefficient governments and the theory of attraction and repulsion can be an appropriate criterion in this study to show how the government can exclude itself from the faction of inefficient government and make itself closer to efficient government by reducing their roles and attracting skilled and capable persons. In this way, the government helps to reduce the specialists’ exit from the country and finally provide development.Design/Methodology/Approach: Generally, the government role in developing mentioned viewpoints is placed in two groups. First, individuals who believe in minor role of the government and emphasize on the society and its role and individuals who believe in major role of the government and emphasize on the government as the main body of the development. Peter Owens is placed in the second group and defines two categories of ineffective and effective governments. On the other hand, since the formation of the modern government and bureaucracy in Iran, it was inefficient. The methodology used in this study is "institutionalist".Findings: The results show that Ahmadinejad government is categorized in the group of inefficient countries, with inefficient administrative structures. It didn’t have the power of longterm goals in order to have operational development programs. It had failed to act going beyond shortterm interests of inpower political groups, and hasn’t been able to create the necessary stability in the social and economic space for attracting attention of new professionals and entrepreneurs or putting them in the direction of determined targets. Since achieving profitability is the most important motivation of the professionals and entrepreneurs in the private sector, and of the all economic actors outside the government to participate in development projects, it can be seen that the ninth and tenth government, because of increasing of their roles in the form of bureaucracy, becomes the largest competitor in the private sector. To the extent that the government capacity to make maximum use power and expertise of entrepreneurs and competent human resources to advance the development agenda has been reduced. And this caused to the loss of legitimacy and government efficiency near professionals and entrepreneurs groups and finally, caused to the indiscriminate leaving of experts and efficient staff from the country.Originality/Value: This study can provide a theoretical framework to examine the impact of the failure of the consolidated government forces in other. On this basis we can determine the relationship between the solutions necessary to reduce the exit of specialists from Iran at any returns when presented .This could be effective step towards development.