كشاكشِ دولت الكترونيك با دموكراسي الكترونيك

Conflict of Electronic Democracy with Electronic Government

فضاي مجازي نشان‌دهنده‌ي دورانِ جديدي است‌كه با زمانه‌ي پيشين ناهمانندي دارد. برخي از مفاهيمِ نوپيدا در عرصه‌ي سياست، همانندِ جهاني‌شدن، دهكده‌ي جهاني، دولت الكترونيك، فضاي مجازي، دموكراسي سايبر، جامعه‌ي مدني مجازي، سبب شده‌اند عملكرد دولت‌ها دچار تغيير شود. هدف نوشتار اين است ‌كه با بهره‌گيري از كار ويژه‌هاي اصيلِ دولت نشان دهد كه در روزگارِ برتري ابزارها و مفاهيمِ فضاي مجازي بر پيوند فرمان‌بران و فرمان‌روايان، مي‌بايست توجه كرد كه دولت، همچنان بر فضاي سياست، حكمفرما است، گرچه، شهروندان نيز چابك‌تر و آگاه‌تر شده‌اند. ارزش‌افزوده‌اي كه در اين نوشتار بدان دسترسي و تأكيد شده، اين است‌ كه دولت‌ها، در عرصه‌ي زمامداري، همچنان از سازوكارهاي زور و تطميع و وادارسازي و اجبار و فرمان و الزام و جايگزيني و بركناري و قانون بهره مي‌گيرند. اما، دليلِ نخستينِ حكومت‌گري، در دوران دولت الكترونيك، تغيير چهره داده و به مقوله‌اي سه‌پايه (حقّانيت، قانونيت، كارآمدي) تبديل شده است. منظور از دليلِ نخستين، همان مفهومِ ديرين «مشروعيت (Legitimacy)» است. ولي، به‌جاي پرسشِ «چرا از يك حكومت بايد اطاعت كرد»، امروزه اين پرسش كه «چگونه يك حكومت پابرجاتر مي‌شود»، درست‌تر است. اگر در دورانِ هژموني رويكردِ كلاسيكِ سياست، اين جنبه‌هاي سختِ قدرت بود كه بر پيوند فرمان‌بران و فرمان‌روايان، حاكم بود، اكنون، در دورانِ نوظهورِ مجازي‌شدگي و سايبري‌شدنِ سياست، افزون بر قدرت سخت، دولت‌ها از قدرت نرم (تبليغ، نفوذ، جلوه، ادغام، نمايش، جاذبه، ذهنيت‌سازي) براي پايايي خود، بهره مي‌گيرند. اين نوشتار مبتني برروش‌شناسي انتقادي است.

Purpose: The aim of the present paper with emphasis on the main and original functions of states is showing the supremacy of state in the time of hegemony of the instruments and concepts of cyberspace over the linkage between rulers and obedient although, the citizens have become more agile and more aware too. Egovernment refers to the use by government institutions of information technologies that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other branches of government. These technologies can serve a variety of different ends: better delivery of government services to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. As we speak of E government as an instrument, concept and process, indeed, we have spoken of the continuity of the old phenomenon in response to the new questions of new governing a society. Electronic government is made of the distinguishable distinction between the old and the new definitions and functions of states with these advantages: The use of E government, as a tool to achieve better government the use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a government organization the continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance by transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new media. The ultimate goal of the egovernment is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of  public services to citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. Egovernment helps simplify processes and makes government information more easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper is formed and based on the critical paradigm with the descriptive method for comparison explanation of the new perception of the legitimacy. Findings: The new achievement of this paper is reconfirmation of the classic and original mechanisms of all of states such as force, enticement, persuasion, compulsion, command, requirement, replacement, dismissal, law and order. But, primary reason of governmentality in the era of the electronic government has changed to a triangle of rightfulness, lawfulness and effectiveness. The intent of original and first reason of statesmanship is the immemorial concept of legitimacy. Now, in the consequence of the new finding of the present paper, it seems that the question (why we ought to obey the government?) is not sufficient and correct. In other words, nowadays the new question (how does state become stable and continuous?) has been more efficient and right. Originality/Value: Cyberspace is an indicative of the new epoch which contains much difference with former period. Some new concepts of the space of politics such as globalization, global village, electronic state, cyberspace, cyber democracy, virtual civil society, have caused to change the operations of states. States, in the newfound of the era of virtualization of politics, use the soft power, such as propaganda, influence, parade, integration, exhibiting, attraction, and mentality making for durability.