درآمدي تحليلي بر نقش شبكه‌هاي سياستي در سياستگذاري عمومي

Policy Networks, Concepts and Approaches in Policy Making

كانون توجه تحليل گران و پژوهشگران سياستگذاري عمومي، «شكل گيري يك سياست» است: اينكه سياست‏ها از كجا مي‏آيند و چه عواملي در اتخاذ آنها مؤثر هستند؟ پاسخ‏هاي مختلف و متفاوتي به اين سؤال ارائه شده است. رويكرد شبكه‏اي از جمله جديدترين چارچوب‏هاي پژوهشي معاصر است كه نقش ارتباطات ميان بازيگران و ذينفعان را در شكل گيري يك سياست بيشتر از ديگر عوامل مي‏داند. رويكرد تحليلي شبكه‏هاي سياستي به پژوهشگران و تحليل گران حوزه سياستگذاري عمومي اين امكان را مي‏دهد تا با شناسايي بازيگران و ذينفعان مختلف كه حول يك سياست دولتي شكل مي‏گيرند، خروجي‏هاي سياستي را با توجه به قدرت و ارتباطات آنها در شبكه سياستي مورد ملاحظه قرار دهند. اين رويكرد به خوبي نشان مي‏دهد كه قدرت بيشتر نوع خاصي از بازيگران زماني كه با ماهيت و كاركرد ويژه آنها پيوند مي‏خورد، تعيين كننده ويژگي متفاوتي از يك سياست است. اين مقاله قصد دارد تا با مرور ادبيات شبكه‏هاي سياستي، به بررسي و تحليل نقش و كاركرد اين شبكه‏ها، ابعاد طيف شبكه‏هاي سياستي، مكاتب مختلف شبكه‏هاي سياستي، شاخصهاي سنجش و تداوم پذيري شبكه‏ها و در نهايت رويكردهاي نوين در مطالعات اين حوزه بپردازد. مقاله حاضر مي‏تواند به مثابه يك دستور كار پژوهشي براي تحليل گران سياست‏هاي دولتي در ايران به كار رود تا با استفاده از فنون تحليل شبكه‏هاي سياستي كه در قسمت پاياني پژوهش مورد بحث قرار گرفته است.به توسعه اين رويكرد در ايران ياري رسانند.

Purpose: The present article is an attempt to describe the elementary forms of policy network in public policy and policy making. Government is actually not the cockpit from which society is governed and that policy making processes rather are generally interplay among various actors. Networks provide platforms where highly interdependent policy actors are contacted and interact frequently to deal with common problems. “The resulting formal and informal interactions have the potential to increase policy effectiveness at less cost than authoritybased structural changes arrived at through formal reorganization”. Policy networks are Clusters of actors, each with an interest, or stake in a given policy, and the capacity to determine policy success or failure. The policy network concept is strongly influenced by interorganizational theory, which stresses actors are dependent on each other because they need each other’s resources to achieve their goals. Policy networks are “relatively stable sets of private and public organizations that negotiate in a horizontal, coordinating manner.” Actors converge around various policy problems and interact through the sharing of information, expertise, and political support.  The types of networks that form depend on the balance of political power and resources between private and public actors. Policy network analyses attempts to explain policy development by examining networks of actors concerned with a given policy problem across public and private sectors. Design/Methodology/Approach: Studies of networks had been “guided primarily by two theoretical perspectives: resource dependence and related exchange perspectives. The policy network approach focuses attention on the interaction processes between interdependent actors and the complexity of objectives and strategies as a consequence of that interaction. The functioning of networks can be addressed using this network analytical approach, since we defined functioning as the process by which certain network conditions lead to certain network outcomes. In network analysis, the ‘nodes’ and ‘relations’ that comprise the network gets analyzed and explained. Findings: In political science, networks are often interest groups. Public management network researchers have attempted to develop a network management paradigm comparable to the hierarchical organizational authority paradigm of bureaucratic management. There are three main approaches to using the network concept: Policy networks as a specific form of governance, Typologies of network structure in a policy subsystem and Formal network analysis. Network Management is a form of management consisting of coordinating strategies from different participants with varied goals and preferences in regards to a problemolicy measure within an interorganizational network. Number of actors involved, Complexity of policy networks, Degree that network is selfreferential, Absence of conflicts of interest, and the Cost involved affect  success . Each of dimensions of policy network performance can be linked to the costs of policy networks. Policy networks goes beyond the onedimensional new public management conceptualization of performance that focuses on efficiency and effectiveness Originality/Value: To sum up, this essay is an insightful and intuitive one for anybody who wants to ponder on the different and various dimensions of policy network in formulation of policies and policy making.