دولت و مشكله‌ي كنترل اجتماعي در ايران (1320ـ1304)

The State and the Problematic of Social Control in Iran under 1st Pahlavi

هم‌زمان با ظهور دولت‌هاي‌ مدرن، مفهوم كنترل اجتماعي دستخوش تحول بنيادين شد و نظارت اجتماعي كه تا پيش از آن بيشتر مفهومي با ابعاد محلي و محدود بود به مفهومي حكومتي تغيير شكل پيدا كرد. نوشتار حاضر با بهره‌گيري از آموزه‌هاي نظري در تبيين مفهوم كنترل اجتماعي به خوانش مجدد تاريخ دولت مدرن در ايران پرداخته و از اين منظر بزرگ‌ترين و مهم‌ترين عامل ناتواني دولت‌ مدرن را در ايران، وجود اجتماعات قدرتمند توصيف كرده است كه به‌واسطه انحصارطلبي، مانع از تحقق كارويژه مهم كنترل اجتماعي از سوي حكومت مي‌شوند. از اين منظر «اجتماعات سنتي» در ايران در غياب تكوين مفهوم «جامعه ايراني» در برابر تغييرات و اصلاحاتي كه از قدرتش مي‌كاست، به‌صورت جدي ايستادگي مي‌كرد و رهبران نيرومند اجتماعي كه در واقع رقباي حكومت مركزي قلمداد مي‌شدند، در يك نزاع دو سويه و دو وجهي از يك‌طرف با ديگر شبكه‌هاي اجتماعي و از طرف ديگر با قدرت حاكمه بر سر منافع و منابع در جنگ و ستيز بودند. اما با روي كار آمدن دولت پهلوي اول كه در پي ايجاد «جامعه» مدرن بود، منازعه‌ي ميان دولت و اجتماع عميق‌تر و سمت‌وسوي قابل توجهي گرفت؛ زيرا اين دولت براي رسيدن به اهداف مدرن خود به هيچ‌وجه شبكه‌هاي اجتماعي قدرت را بر نمي‌تابيد و بر همين اساس نيز تلاش مي‌كرد با افزايش قدرت كنترل و نظارت دولتي، رقباي ديگر را از صحنه خارج كند و در عين حال مانع از انجام نظارت‌هاي اجتماعي شود؛ اگر چه كه در نهايت در اين رويارويي با ناكامي مواجه شد.

Purpose:Before the establishment of the Pahlavi Dynasty, the Iranian Society relied on entities and associations that were independent to a significant degree; this paper tries to explain the relations between society of Iran and its antagonistic opposition with the government in in the era of Pahlavi emergence. From this point of view, before the establishment of the Pahlavi Dynasty, the Iranian Society relied on entities and associations that were independent to a significant degree and Social control were prevented by them. In this regard, for example the Shi’i scholars had the opportunity to criticize the governmental actions due to their financial independence and having the mosque tribunes under their control as well as having the exclusive right to interpret the religious rules. Therefore, Reza Shah who was aware of the power of opposition gradually started to show a negative reaction to them. Therefor Government to achieve its modernization goals did not bear the power of social networks. Using case studies and revision political actions and combining the social Control theories, this paper tries to explain the relations and Competition between the society and oppressive government on social control, in the era of Pahlavi. Design/Methodology/Approach:Case study research is a methodology which refers to the in depth analysis of some historical facts before the establishment of the Pahlavi Dynasty and some facts about society of Iran in the era of Pahlavi emergence. Findings: The concepts of social control and governance are closely related, from this point of view Reza Shah who was aware of the power of the society in Iran gradually started to show a negative reaction to the oppositions against his suppressive and secular policies and in place of reinforcing a legal authority, he tried to suppress the social movements through threatening, dual game, assassination, conspirators as well as using the militaristic powers. Therefor Government to achieve its modernization goals did not bear the power of social networks. This policy not only was based on Iran cultural and social condition but also created many fundamental problems and specially caused antagonism between tradition and modernity in Iran. Originality/Value: Along with the emergence of modern states, the concept of social control has undergone a fundamental transformation and governmental approaches were ruled to governmental surveillances. This article reviews the concept of social control to rereading the history of the modern state in Iran. From this point of view, before the establishment of the Pahlavi Dynasty, the Iranian Society relied on entities and associations that were independent to a significant degree and Social control were prevented by them. Using case studies and revision political actions and combining the social Control theories, this paper tries to explain the relations and Competition between the society and oppressive government on social control, in the the era of Pahlavi.