كليدواژه :
كره جنوبي , مردم‌سالاري , دولت , توسعه سياسي , اقتدارگرايي
چكيده فارسي :
شرق آسيا، سرزمين‌هايي را در بر گرفته است كه بيشتر آنها در سال‌هاي پس از جنگ جهاني دوم به استقلال رسيده و دولت ـ كشورهايي نوپا را بنيان گذارده‌اند. اين دولت ـ كشورها، از فرداي استقلال به‌دنبال برپا داشتن جوامعي توسعه يافته بوده‌اند. اما هر يك از آنان با روش ويژه‌ي خود و به‌گونه‌اي متفاوت از ديگران، روند توسعه و نوسازي دولت در عرصه سياسي را پيموده‌اند. در پژوهش پيش‌رو، تلاش شده است تا با بهره‌گيري از نظريه‌هاي توسعه سياسي، به بررسي روندهاي پيموده شده در كره جنوبي، براي دستيابي به توسعه سياسي در درون ساختار دولت در اين كشور پرداخته شود. پرسش اصلي در انجام اين پژوهش آن بوده كه با توجه به پيشينه فرهنگي، سياسي، اجتماعي و اقتصادي كره جنوبي، سياستگذاران در اين كشور كدام الگوي توسعه سياسي را براي دولت در دهه‌هاي گذشته به‌كار گرفته‌اند؟ و ديگر آن‌كه، سطح توسعه سياسي دولت در اين كشور تا چه اندازه با شاخص‌هاي نظريه‌هاي كلاسيك توسعه سياسي، مانند ميزان شهرنشيني، سطح سواد و وضعيت اقتصادي، همخواني دارد؟ آن‌چه كه از اين پژوهش به‌دست آمده، گوياي آن است كه ويژگي‌هاي تاريخي و فرهنگ سياسي و اجتماعي ويژه اين جامعه، نقشي بنيادي در پي‌ريزي پايه‌هاي توسعه سياسي ساختارهاي دولتي در آن بازي مي‌كنند. همين امر موجب شده است كه روند توسعه و نوسازي سياسي دولت در اين كشور به‌گونه‌اي منحصر به‌خود شكل گيرد و مويد اين نكته باشد كه الگوهاي از پيش تعريف شده لزوما به توسعه يكسان نمي‌انجامند و گاه بازنگري در ارزش‌ها و بهره‌گيري از روش‌هايي بر پايه سنت، فرهنگ و پيشينه يك سرزمين، از كفايت بيشتري براي فراهم آوردن زمينه توسعه سياسي دولت در آن كشور برخوردار هستند.
چكيده لاتين :
Purpose: The East Asian region includes countries that mostly became independent after the Second World War and were established as newborn countries. Although the traditions of governance in most of these countries are as long as history, these nationstates have followed the policies of political development as a part of their developmental policies in general during the last decades. While the Western models of development offered a typical pattern for developing political institutions, the East Asian countries, however, have applied their own models of political development in the political structures of their societies. These models are mostly rooted in the Oriental traditions of governance, and they construct a political identity for the citizens, agents and political elites based on cultural and social values.
The main purpose of this research is to analyze the model of political development of the state in South Korea based on political development theories. The question is how South Korean policymakers have made a unique model of development based on cultural, social, economic and political heritages of this country.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The author will also examine the level of political development of the state in this country based on the criteria of classical theories of political development, such as the role of political elites, urbanization, literacy level, sociocultural features, the economic situation, foreign pressures and the like.
Findings: One of the most important elements that played a key role in shaping the political structure of government in South Korea is regionalization of politics in this country. The author has tried to explain the impact of this phenomenon in the process of political development of the state in South Korea.
Another factor, which has a certain degree of influence on the political culture of the South Korean society, especially among political activists and policymakers, is the teachings of Confucius. As the mentor of millions of East Asian people, Confucius argues that people should obey the governors and the rules must be responsible for bringing peace and stability to the society. This idea was accepted by many rulers throughout history and prepared a suitable ground for creating semiauthoritarian states ruling over this region for centuries. Still, we can witness the impact of such an approach on the South Korean society. In fact, the influence of the political traditions of governance in the South Korean society is undeniable.
The impression of political competitions between the East and the West blocs during the Cold War and the South Korean tendency toward the Western bloc is also evident in the political development policies of the state in this country.
Value: Regarding the abovementioned elements, the author argues that the historical features and political culture of the South Korean society have played an important role in the foundation of the structure of political development of the state in this country.
