زلزله بم و درك معنايي ساكنان محلات مسكوني از اختلال در دلبستگي‌ به‌ مكان

Bam Earthquake and Neighborhoods’ Residents’Understanding of Meaning of Disruption in Place Attachment

وقوع سوانح از عمده عوامل تغيير در مكان شناخته مي شوند كه در رابطه عاطفي بين فرد مكان اختلال جدي وارد مي كنند. تبعات اين اختلال با تغيير در دلبستگي به مكان به شكل اضطراب و فقدان بروز مي يابد كه فرايندهاي متأخر بازسازي سكونتگاه ها به دنبال كاهش اين پيامدهاي رواني است. با توجه به نقش بازسازي در بازآفريني حس دلبستگي به مكان به عنوان سرمشقي براي عمل در جريان بازسازي سكونتگاه پس از سوانح، اين پژوهش به دنبال تبيين نظريه، بر اساس درك و ارزيابي عوامل اختلال در دلبستگي به مكان در زلزله 1382 از ديد ساكنان محلات مسكوني بم است. اين پژوهش برمبناي ماهيت كيفي به روش پژوهش مردم نگاري همراه با مشاهدات ميداني و مصاحبه عميق با ساكنان، با رويكردي ميدان محور صورت گرفته است. تحليل داده ها و تبيين نظريه نيز به روش laquo نظريه زمينه اي raquo انجام شده است. در اين مطالعه با 40 نفر از ساكنان قديمي محلات امامزاده زيد و قصر حميد مصاحبه انجام شده كه پيش از وقوع زلزله نيز در محلات مذكور ساكن بوده اند. بر اساس يافته هاي اين پژوهش مهم ترين عوامل درك شده اختلال در دلبستگي به مكان در اثر وقوع زلزله بم به زعم ساكنان، از دست دادن عناصر هويت شهري چون ارگ و نخلستان ها و از بين رفتن حس خانه بوده كه در سطح محلات با كاهش روابط اجتماعي خويشاوندي و همسايگي و تنزل هويت محله به دليل تخريب كالبدي محله، توسط ساكنان تفسير و معنا شده است. در نهايت ساكنان بمي اختلال در دلبستگي به مكان را به منزله نوعي laquo نوستالژي گذشته محله raquo ادراك و تفسير كرده اند كه در آن ها منجر به بي انگيزگي نسبت به محله موجود شده است. در اين تجربه برخلاف تصور رايج امر بازسازي در ساخت كالبدي مسكن براي بازماندگان، بر اهميت بازسازي عناصر هويت شهري همراه با تأمين زيرساخت هاي لازم براي ارتقاي كيفيت زندگي و روابط اجتماعي در محله و احياي هويت محله اي در امر برنامه ريزي و طراحي بازسازي پس از بروز سوانح تأكيد مي شود.

Disasters are identified as main causes of change in place, which seriously disrupt the personplace emotional relationship. The disruption, as the most important consequence of the disasters, happens through corporeal alterations in the place, and physical and psychological damages in people, leading to anxiety and feeling of loss in residents. Recent settlement reconstruction processes tend to not only rebuild the survivorsrsquo neighborhood physically, but also to reduce the psychological damages to the residents as the main achievement of a rehabilitation process. Due to the lack of theoretical frameworks of environmental sciences, especially environmental psychology and place attachment discussions, in disasters and the disastersrsquo effects on personplace relationship in one hand, and postdisaster reconstruction role in recreating placeattachment and reducing the disruptions on the other hand, the research seeks to develop a theory based on understanding and assessment of the factors causing disruption in place attachment after disasters. The sle community for performing the research was chosen among the residents of Bam who experienced the massive damages of the 2003 earthquake and the resulting changes in place. Due to the qualitative nature of the research, it is based on the ethnographic research methods. The qualitative data collection is conducted through field observations and indepth, facetoface interviews applying a field study approach. Data analysis and the composition of the theory and the relevant explanations are done within the framework of quot grounded theoryquot , comprised of the process of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding (StraussCorbin, 1998). In this study, indepth interviews are conducted among 40 old residents of Emamzade Zeid and Emamzade QasreHamid, with the age range of 25 to 65 years, living in the neighborhood prior to the earthquake, who could remember prewhilepost earthquake events. These people have reconstructed their homes during 10 years. Research findings reveal that the most important factors causing postearthquake disruption in placeattachment, from the residentsrsquo viewpoint, were the loss of elements related to the cityidentity, such as the Arg(citadel) and the Nakhlestans(palm groves). The residents also pointed out the loss of the sense of home, leading to reduction of social kinship and neighborhood relationships, as well as neighborhood identity degradation due to the physical destruction of the place. Finally, Bam residents interpret the interferences in place attachment as ldquo Neighborhood Past Nostalgiardquo causing a loss of interest in the neighborhood. Contrary to the common belief in the importance of physical reconstruction to the survivors, other factors such as the reconstruction of identityrelated elements of the city were emphasized along with necessary infrastructures for promotion of living conditions, neighborhood social relationships and neighborhood identity revival. These factors seem to have a positive impact in recreating the residentsrsquo emotional bond with the reconstructed neighborhoods, which is a matter to be considered in postdisaster reconstruction planning, especially at neighborhood level.