تحليلي بر جهت‌گيري، جانمايي و فضاهاي سرويس‌دهنده بادگيرها در مساكن بومي يزد

An Analysis on the Orientation, Position and Dimensions of Wind-catchers in Vernacular Houses of Yazd

بادگير در مساكن بومي يزد يكي از راهكارهاي دستيابي به آسايش برودتي در مقابل گرماي طاقت فرساي فلات مركزي ايران است. بادگير به دليل عملكرد سرمايشي و نقش آن در تهويه طبيعي در بخش هاي تابستان نشين خانه ها ساخته مي شد. به جرأت مي توان گفت هيچ دو بادگيري در يزد وجود ندارد كه در پلان و نما و مقطع و جزئيات دقيقاً يكسان باشند. ارتباط بادگير با تالار و حياط مركزي نقش مؤثري در عملكرد آن داشته است. در اين تحقيق 24 خانه در يزد با تأكيد بر جانمايي و طراحي بادگيرهايشان مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است و اين خانه ها نيز از ميان خانه هاي حياط مركزي يزد كه ارزش تاريخي دارند انتخاب شده اند. جمع آوري اطلاعات با برداشت ميداني صورت گرفته و تحليل اطلاعات نيز با استنتاج منطقي و دسته بندي اطلاعات در نرم افزار excel انجام شده است. دسته بندي بادگيرها بر مبناي سه پارامتر در اين مقاله مورد توجه بوده است: 1 جهت گيري بادگيرها 2 موقعيت آن ها در خانه و چگونگي ارتباط آن ها با فضاهاي تابستان نشين 3 طراحي پلان بادگيرها بر مبناي دريافت بهينه باد غالب. طراحي پلان بادگيرها و تفكيك كانال بادگير به كانال هاي فرعي در بادگيرهاي مختلف، متفاوت است و معمار با توجه به چگونگي پلان خانه و جهت باد غالب و اينكه بادگير عملكرد سرمايش تبخيري با حوض آب را خواهد داشت يا نه؛ آنگاه پلان بادگير را بر مبناي عملكرد بهينه آن تعريف مي كرده است. فرضيه هاي تحقيق اين بود كه در تمامي خانه هاي يزد زير بادگير، حوض آب وجود دارد و مساحت بادگير به تناسب مساحت تالار در نظر گرفته مي شده و اينكه تمامي آن ها رو به باد غالب دارند و كشيدگي آن ها شمال شرقي جنوب غربي است. فرضيه هاي ذكر شده رد شدند و دلايل عدم اعتبار آن ها در نتيجه آورده شده است.

Wind catchers in Yazds traditional houses are the means to obtain optimal indoor climate against the heat in central plateau of Iran. It plays an effective role in modifying the temperature in the interior living spaces with regards to human thermal comfort. Windcatchers are canals with the height of 3 meters mounted vertically on top of the roofs, resembling a chimney vent. The outlet openings in the upper end plays an effective role in modifying the heat and adjusting and regulating the temperature of the living space as appropriate for residents comfort through convective wind flow using pure natural energy of nature. Relationship of the windcatcher with the chamber and central yard has significant effect in its function. A chamber or a summer living quarter is directly and closely connected with a wind catcher. But in some instances this link is provided through the medium of an alternative space. In this research, a study of 24 houses in Yazd was conducted with an emphasis on the location and design of the windcatchers. These houses were selected among Yazds houses that have central yard and confirmed historical value. The data was collected through fieldwork. The data was subsequently analyzed through logical Inference and classification in excel software. In this research the classification system was based on 3 factors: 1. orientation of wind catchers 2. their position in the house and the connection with the summer living quarters 3. Design of the windcatcher for optimum reception of the dominant winds. The canal of a wind catcher is usually divided into smaller sections by means of splitting blades. These blades rise 1.52 meters above the ground floor of the building and continue all the way up to the wind catchers roof. The wind catchers plan and the design of the splitting blades are different in each instance and seem to be in concordance with the general plan of the house and with the all the considerations needed for better performance. Moreover, the wind catchers sometimes have an added evaporative cooling function with a water pool positioned at the bottom. This study was initiated with a hypothesis that in all Yazd houses with windcatchers, there is a water pool positioned underneath. A second hypothesis suggested that the area of the windcatchers is related to the total area of the chamber to which it connects. A third hypothesis proposed that all windcatchers face the dominant wind and that they have a NortheastSouthwest main orientation axis. All the hypotheses were rejected through this study. The relation between the chamberrsquo s area and the relevant windcatcherrsquo s area were calculated with the correlation coefficient in excel software.