زيرساخت‌ها و تاب آوري در برابر بلاياي طبيعي با تأكيد بر سيلاب منطقه ي مورد مطالعه: مناطق نمونه گردشگري چشمه كيله تنكابن و سردآبرود كلاردشت

Infrastructures and Resiliency to Natural Disasters With Emphasis on Flood The Case: Typical Tourism Regions in North of Iran (Cheshmekile & Sardabrud)

مخاطرات طبيعي به منزله ي پديده هاي تكرار پذير در غياب سيستم هاي كاهشي مي تواند تبديل به فاجعه شود و اثرها و پيامدهاي مخربي در پي داشته باشد. براي كاهش اثر بلاياي طبيعي رويكرد تاب آوري مبنايي براي كاهش اثرهاي منفي در نظر گرفته شده است. دو حوضه گردشگري سردآبرود كلاردشت و چشمه كيله تنكابن داراي ظرفيت هاي بسياري براي توسعه فعاليت هاي گردشگري است كه در معرض هجوم سيل قرار دارد و به اين دليل جامعه نمونه پژوهش انتخاب شده است. هدف اصلي پژوهش حاضر بررسي مولفه ي زيرساختي در راستاي ارتقا ي تاب آوري ساكنان در برابر بلاياي طبيعي است. روش شناسي تحقيق به لحاظ هدف كاربردي و از نظر ماهيت توصيفي ـ تحليلي مبتني بر پيمايش ميداني است. اطلاعات مورد نياز تحقيق با استفاده از دو شيوه ي كتابخانه اي(مقالات علمي منتشر شده معتبر و مرتبط با موضوع) و ميداني(تهيه و تكميل پرسشنامه) به دست آمده است. طراحي متغير هاي تحقيق بر اساس مطالعه ي مباني نظري و بررسي تجارب علمي ساير كشور ها در ارتباط با تاب آوري و بلاياي طبيعي بوده است. متغير مستقل تحقيق زير ساخت ها است كه شامل شبكه هاي ارتباطي، جانمايي مراكز خدماتي و درماني مي شود. متغير وابسته تحقيق نيز شامل دو بعد اصلي: تاب آوري فردي و گروهي است. بر اساس هدف تحقيق و ماهيت داده ها از آزمون هاي آماري براي تحليل اطلاعات جمع آوري شده استفاده شد. نتايج بيانگر آن است كه دو معيار زيرساخت ها در زمينه ي سيلاب و تاب آوري با اطمينان 99% با يكديگر همبستگي مستقيم دارند و رابطه بين آن ها دو متقابل است، يعني بهبود زيرساخت ها در محدوده با احتمال 99% موجب بالا رفتن تاب آوري ساكنين در برابر بلاياي طبيعي (سيلاب) درون آن مي شود. همچنين، نتايج نشان مي دهد كه تفاوت معناداري بين دو حوضه، به لحاظ مؤلفه هاي زيرساختي و تاب آوري در برابر بلاياي طبيعي (سيلاب)، وجود ندارد.

Natural disasters are investigated of various dimensions and consequences of natural hazards. As well, they can become as a repeatable phenomenon in the absence of mitigation systems, and could be caused devastating consequences. Resiliency approach as a basis for reducing the negative effects is taken into account to reduce the impact of natural disasters. Today, the two tourist areas of Cheshmekile (Tonkabon County) and Sardabrud (Kelardasht County) as typical feature of regional tourism planning have important potentials for development of tourism. But in recent years they have repeatedly been invaded by floods so that in some cases the impact of economic, environmental, sociocultural and physical environment is followed. In economic dimension, flash flood destroyed agricultural fields and rural houses and in sociocultural dimension it has increased insecurity. And finally, in terms of the physical and environmental aspect, it has created the most damage such as adverse changes in the appearance of the landscape, loss of trees, and destruction of public infrastructure (roads and bridges network). It is an approved hypothesis that rural settlements cannot be moved to the riverbank, but have created a situation that endangered abiding rural settlement. Various aspects such as sociocultural, economic and administrative highly effect on resiliency. Among them, the role of infrastructures such networks, the location of health care facilities, police stations, fire stations and disaster management offices, communication networks (telephone, Internet) are more important to improve resiliency. This paper seeks to answer the key question that is the infrastructure in promoting resiliency after flooding in the two areas satisfactory? The methodology of the study is objective and analytical analysis is based on the nature and method. The main variables are infrastructures and resiliency. Resiliency as the dependent variable consists of two main components of individual and community resiliency. Required information on the objectives, data integrity and availability has been developed in both library and field methods. In previous studies, library and documentation center is studied. Questions are sorted in the distance range, rated and ranked based on the needs and nature of the research and the knowledge and the education level of the local community. Questions are tested initially and after a measurement of the level of reliability (0.812), which is obtained using Cronbachs alpha. First, to determine the total sle size of villages located in flood risk areas in the two basins 9 villages (50%) were selected. Cochran formula is used to determine sle size. According to Cochran formula for the total population 296 households that included 129 head of households for Sardabrud basin and 167 head of households for Cheshmekileh basin. After the initial survey the collected information is encoded using a statistical software SPSS and then has been processed according to the assumptions formulated. Based on the results of the questionnaire analysis, some indicators, same as access to aid agencies (Crescent) and disaster management center, there were no significant differences between rural settlements such as the two basins distance to the city center is short. The nearest major communication route roads Branch is located at a distance of 5 km from the city of Kelardasht, but in Cheshmekileh basin there are less than 5 kilometers distance to the main road of the Caspian Sea. That is why the average satisfaction of the local authorities in these areas is much higher than Sardabrood basin. Check out the highlights of each area residents is showed more satisfaction on facilities and services infrastructure in Cheshmekile. Result. To understand the relationship between resiliency and infrastructure used is the correlation coefficient between these two measures 003/0 there is level. This relationship of mutual relations, the improvement of infrastructure in the area with 99% probability of increasing population resiliency against natural disasters (floods) within it. The average calculated for the physical aspects infrastructure represents the position of the component. Ring roads in northern cities, near airports such as Ramsar Branch, and there are several large medical centers, access to police stations in both basins are made ​​from the perspective of the respondents favored the status of this criterion is to be evaluated. However, among the subset of infrastructure, the roads are better than others. The reason can be attributed to the investment and construction of new networks of communication. In the case of energy network, although the topography of the area is caused that part of the basin, some of villages such as Gavpol, Letak, Drazlat in Cheshmekile basin and Lush, Krdychal and Roudbarak in Sardabrood basin was still stay deprived of the gas network but have favorable drink water and electricity network. However, keeping the population in the rural area is largely dependent on the infrastructure. Resiliency in relation to rural and infrastructural facilities, access to places of temporary accommodation is very important but in this particular field in any of the villages still planning has been done.