رابطه منطقي قاعده فقهي لاضرر و قاعده غربي سوء‌استفاده از حق

The Logical Relationship between No Loss Principle in Islamic Jurisprudence and the Principle of Abuse of Rights in Western Legal Systems

با مطالعه در آيات قرآن، اخبار رسيده و آراي فقهاي اماميه معلوم مي‌گردد كه «ضرر» به معناي زيان مادي، و «ضرار» به مفهوم ضرر معنوي و همراه با آزار و اذيت است. مفاد قاعده لاضرر، نفي حكم ضرري و معيار تحقق ضرر نيز خسارت و ضرر نامتعارف است. دامنه‌ي قاعده نيز بسيار وسيع است، و در نظام حقوقي براي مقابله با ضرر ناشي از احكام حقوقي و از جمله جهت مبارزه با جواز اجراي حقي كه به ضرر ديگري مي‌انجامد، به كار مي‌رود. از سوي ديگر، در حقوق فرانسه در صورت سوءاستفاده در مقام اجراي حق، حكم جواز و اباحه اعمال حق برداشته مي‌شود، و با نظريه نفي حكم رابطه تساوي مي‌يابد. معيار جديد مطرح شده براي سوءاستفاده، نامتعارف بودن خسارت ايجاد شده است و از اين رو، داراي ملاكي مشابه با قاعده لاضرر است. مجراي قاعده نيز اعمال حق بوده و دامنه آن از لاضرر محدودتر است. بنابراين، با وجود نهاد بومي و ديني لاضرر نيازي به استناد به تأسيس عاريتي سوءاستفاده از حق نيست.

In this article, the logical relationship between No Loss Principle in Islamic jurisprudence and the principle of Abuse of Rights in French jurisprudence has been put under study. Throughout this article, we show the significance of this principle in Islamic law by clarifying its concepts and criteria in comparison with principle of Abuse of Rights in French Law. In this regard, we show what the criterion, concept and the scope of No Loss Principle and the Principle of Abuse of Rights are. By studying the Quran, Islamic traditions, and the opinions of jurists, we come to the conclusion that term ضرر (Zarar) means material loss whereas ضرار (Ziraar) means immaterial loss accompanied by harassment. The content of No Loss Principle dispenses with detrimental ordinance and the criterion of the fulfillment of loss applies to unusual damages. The domain of this principle is so broad. It consists of religious state of affairs. It is also used to reject an ordinance by with somebody may inflict damages via the performance of right to somebody else. On the other hand, in French Law, the permission to perform rights is rejected if it is used at the expanse of others. A new theory propounded for abuse of right is unconventionality of created loss and finally has similar criterion with no loss principle. The canal of principle of abuse of right is performance of right and subsequently has a narrower scope in comparison to the No Loss Principle.