ادب و تعارف در ايران

Politeness and Ta’arof in Iran

در پژوهش هاي معمول بينالمللي درباره politeness، رفتار مودبانه در ايران هم مورد بحث قرار گرفته است و محور اين پژوهش ها تعارف بوده است. تعارف به طور معمول به «Iranian politeness» تعريف شده است. نگارنده تلاش ميكند يك ديدگاه متفاوت را ارايه كند، چونكه ميتوان بين ادب (رفتار مودبانه) و تعارف تفاوت قايل شد و اين تمايز منحصراً از طريق اصطلاحات قابل تشخيص نيست، بلكه به عوامل مختلف مهمي بستگي دارد. در ارزيابي رفتار اجتماعي و تمايز بين ادب و رفتار تعارفي، محيط، موقعيت، زبان بدن و چهره و به ويژه لحن نقش اساسي دارند. پس رفتار مودبانه و تعارف تحت يك گفتمان اجتماعي مدام و مستمر بين آن آدمهايي كه با هم درارتباط هستند صورت ميگيرد.

In international politeness studies were debates about Iran with a focus on taʹarof, which was typically defined as "Iranian politeness" and described by common phrases. This article tries to present a different view by taking into account that in Iran people differentiate between Adab and Taʹarof. Since there is no definite way to define taʹarof by speech acts, a more structural way to define taʹarof is presented here. Therefore, taʹarof is a constant social discourse between the involved persons and is a tool to regulate social relations, rather being a concrete action. The article starts with a discussion about different concepts of politeness and then introduces shortly to a politeness theory by Watts, which is considering regional differences and global similarities. Then, the article discusses some historical and contemporary questions and topics related to politeness, which could contribute to a better and more comprehensive understanding of politeness and taʹarof. An important step for future studies about this field is a distinction between the explained and the real structure of taʹarof, because the explained structure is always a coherent narrative of one’s actions. At the end of the article, the changing of the meaning of taʹarof is mentioned, and that is may find the meaning of the german word H?flichkeit and that the spreading of the conciseness about taʹarof could enhance other language’s vocabulary and culture.