عدالت سياسي از منظر قرآن و روايات: تأملي در برابري سياسي

Political Justice in View of Quran and Narrations:A Reflection on the Political Justice

مسئله پژوهش حاضر اين است كه: بر اساس آموزه‎هاي قرآني و روايي، عدالت سياسي چه نسبتي با برابري سياسي مطرح در نظام‎هاي مردم‏سالار دارد؟ پاسخ اين است كه برابري مطرح درنظام‎هاي مردم‏سالار درسه عرصه فلسفي (مقدمه و زمينه‏ساز برابري سياسي)، سياسي و غيرسياسي (لازمه‎ برابري سياسي) با روح آموزه‎هاي ديني هماهنگ است؛ درعين‏حال، تفسير ديني از برابري سياسي و نيز برابري غيرسياسيِ ملازم با برابري سياسي، تفاوت‎هايي جزئي با برابري مطرح در نظام‎هاي مردم‎سالار دارد. به‏منظور اثبات فرضيه، دوآموزه‎‎ كلامي ـ فقهيِ «اباحه» و «عدم ولايت» مبناي تحليل قرآني ـ روايي قرار گرفته است. آن روي سكه، اصل اباحه مشروعيت‏يابي توافقات اجتماعي شهروندان جامعه‎ ديني، براي تنظيم قواعد عمومي جامعه است و اينكه قوانين دولتي زماني مشروع است كه افزون بر هماهنگي با قوانين مصرّح شرعي، از خواست مردم سرچشمه گيرد. همچنين اصل عدم ولايت، بيانگر مشاركت حداكثري مردم در اداره‎ سياسي، عدم دخالت دولت در حوزه‎ خصوصي و نظارت مردم بر تصميم‏هاي سياسي است. آموزه‎هاي ديني هماهنگ با دو اصل يادشده، برابريِ ذاتيِ انسان‎ها را تأييد مي‏كنند، ولي در برابري سياسي، بين حاكميت و حكومت تفاوت قائل‎‏اند و در برابري‎هاي اقتصادي و اجتماعي، همراه با تأييد برابري نسبي مطرح در نظام‎هاي مردم‏سالار، از آن فراتر رفته، با قاطعيت تمام وظايف گسترده‎اي را متوجه جامعه و حكومت مي‏سازند.

The present research studies the kind of relationship between the political justice and the political equality considered within the democratic systems on the basis of Qur’anic and narrative instructions. The answer is that the justice considered within the democratic systems is consistent with the religious instructions in the three domains of philosophical the introduction and providing the ground for the political equality, political as well as non political– the necessity of political justice consistent with the religious instructions. Nevertheless, the religious interpretation of the political as well as non political justice along with political justice is of trivial difference from the justice considered within the democratic systems. To approve the hypothesis, two theological jurisprudential instructions, “Ebaheh” and “Absence of Wilayat” have been regarded as the foundation of Qur’anic and narrative analysis. The principle of Ebaheh is related to the legitimacy of the social agreements of citizens in the religious society towards stetting of the public regulations and the fact that governmental regulations are considered legitimate provided that they originate from the wants of people and they are compatible with the religious rules. Besides, the principle of the absence of Wilayat states the cooperation of majorities in the political management, no interference of government in the private domains as well as the people’s observation pertaining to the political decisions. The religious instructions in accordance with the two aforementioned principles prove the natural equality of humans whereas in the political equality; they consider difference between governorship and government. Moreover, in regard with the economic and social equalities along with proving the relative equality considered within the democratic systems, they overwhelmingly remind the expanded duties in charge of the society and government.