تحليل اجتماعي عوامل مؤثر بر ميزان مورد مزاحمت خياباني قرار گرفتن زنان و دختران (مطالعه موردي دانشجويان دختر دانشگاه مازندران)

Social Analysis of the Influencing Factors on the Experiencing Street Harassment by Female Students of University of Mazandaran

مزاحمت‏هاي خياباني به عنوان آزارهايي مبتني بر جنسيت، از مشكلات اساسي زنان براي حضور در فضاهاي عمومي است. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، تحليل اجتماعي عوامل مؤثر بر ميزان مورد مزاحمت خياباني قرار گرفتن زنان و دختران، ضمن بررسي ميزان و انواع مزاحمت‏هاي خياباني است. بدين منظور از ميان تمامي دانشجويان دختر دانشگاه مازندران شاغل به تحصيل در پرديس اين دانشگاه، نمونه‏اي با حجم 362 نفر با استفاده از فرمول كوكران به دست آمد. نمونه‏گيري در اين پژوهش، به شيوه تصادفي طبقه‏بندي شده متناسب انجام گرفته است و ابزار جمع‏آوري داده‏ها، پرسشنامه است. چارچوب به كار رفته در اين پژوهش نظريه‏هاي فمنيستي، جامعه‏پذيري جنسيتي و يادگيري اجتماعي است. يافته‏هاي اين تحقيق حاكي از اين است كه تنها 2.6 درصد پاسخگويان، در يك سال گذشته، هيچ وقت مورد مزاحمت قرار نگرفته‏اند؛ در مجموع 70.6 درصد پاسخگويان از روزي چندين بار تا ماهي يك بار مورد اين مزاحمت‏ها قرار گرفته‏اند. نتايج تحليلي اين پژوهش نيز نشان مي‏دهد كه پذيرش كليشه‏هاي نقش جنسيتي بر ميزان مورد مزاحمت قرار گرفتن تأثير منفي دارد، اما پذيرش ارزش‏هاي مردسالاري و يادگيري اجتماعي، هيچ يك بر ميزان مورد مزاحمت قرار گرفتن مؤثر نيستند.

Introduction: Street harassment towards women, which is considered to be one of the sociocultural obstacles for active presence of women in societies, is observed with varying degrees in different countries of the world. Street harassment as a type of “gender related violence” is an basic problem for women to present in the public spaces. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount and types of street harassment as well as to analyze the social factors that affect on the degree of street harassment. Material &Methods: The study is conducted via survey method; and data has been collected through selfadministered questionnaire.362 Female students of University of Mazandaran have been selected by proportional classified random sampling method.  In The present study, to obtain content validity at the first step, a primary questionnaire which constructed according to previous local and foreign studies applied, and then according to results of these questionnaires, some revisions done to the questionnaire so that it found that the used indices in it, demonstrate the semantic field of the main concepts. Furthermore, in this study construct validity of the main scales has been tested by means of factor analysis. To find out the reliability of research instrument, “Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha” has been used, which this coefficient for the criterion variable of the study is 0.89.  In order to making a theoretical foundation, some theories such as Gender Socialization, Social Learning, and Feminist theories applied as a theoretical framework of the study. Discussion of Results& conclusions: The descriptive findings of the study indicate that only 2.6 percent of respondents in the past year have never been harassed; while a total of 70.6 percent of them have been under harassment, from several times a day to once a month. Nonphysical harassments such as verbal abuse, honking or signaling with light with a motor vehicle, voyeurism, whistling and singing, blocking the way were the main types of the reported street harassments. The analytical results of this study also indicate that the “acceptance of gender role stereotypes” is negatively influenced on the experiencing street harassment; thus females who had more acceptances of gender role stereotypes are less likely to be the victim of street harassments. According to the findings of the present study, which is suported by previous studies, disagreement with gender role stereotypes by females is punished through harassments from males. It seems as though in those cultures which are based on “masculinity”, such strict norms expect females to avoid some behaviors in public places that are considered to be not aligned with the dominant culture. These behaviors include: speaking loudly and laughing, wearing some certain cloths, having conscious or nonconscious eye contact with strangers, etc. It is obvious that not observing these norms, which imposed themselves to females as strong but discriminating stereotypes, may increase the probability of street harassments on the part of males of the society. Moreover, although coefficient correlation demonstrates a significant relationship between “acceptance of masculine values” and “experiencing street harassment”, regression analysis does not bear witness to this fact, and shows that the more acceptances of masculine values does not necessarily lead to the more probability of street harassment. Furthermore, according to the results of regression analysis, social learning does not influence the rate of harassment. Because it is possible that offenders men, regardless of their cognition about passive or active behaviors of their victims, engage in the process of harassing which may be influenced by various individual and social factors. Therefore experiencing harassment by respondents was not influenced by any of “acceptance of masculine values” and “social learning of passive behaviors to harassment”.