تحليل فضايي احساس امنيت در محلات مختلف شهري (مورد مطالعه: شهر قدس)

Spatial Analysis of the Sense of Security in the Different Quarters of the City of Qods

انسان همواره به دنبال تأمين امنيت به عنوان يكي از نيازهاي اساسي خود است و احساس امنيت به عنوان يكي از شاخص‌هاي مهم كيفيت زندگي شهري، مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در راستاي اين پژوهش، با هدف تحليل فضايي احساس امنيت شهروندان در محلات مختلف شهري، شهر قدس را مطالعه نموده است. روش تحقيق، از لحاظ هدف، كاربردي و بر اساس ماهيت و روش، توصيفي تحليلي است. در اين تحقيق، احساس امنيت به عنوان متغير وابسته و متغيرهاي مستقل در قالب 15 شاخص كالبدي, اجتماعي اقتصادي و زيست محيطي مؤثر بر امنيت شهري در نظر گرفته شده‌اند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول كوكران، 375 نفر برآورد شده است. انتخاب افراد نمونه با روش تصادفي ساده صورت گرفته است. پس از گردآوري داده‌ها با بهره‌گيري از تكنيك تاپسيس به ارزيابي هر يك از محلات از نظر احساس امنيت شهري بر اساس سه شاخص مطروحه پرداخته شد. بر اساس بررسي‌هاي صورت گرفته، محله مركزي به عنوان يك محله كمابيش نوساز با توزيع متناسب كاربري اراضي، برخوردارترين محله شهر قدس و محله جنوب غربي با بافت آشفته و سكونت غالب مهاجران، محروم‌ترين محله از لحاظ شاخص‌هاي احساس امنيت، رتبه‌بندي شده‌اند.

Introduction                Security is one of the most important requirements for citizens in cities. So, it is necessary to ensure security in the cities. Spaces and crime related to each other. Some spaces of cities produced crime that urban planners have to pay attention them.                Beside security “sense of security” has importance. This is an emotional reaction to social violent crime and physical injuries or a range of emotional and practical reactions to crime and irregularity. Today, urban adverse environments create many problems for citizens. It increases social harms. With increase these harms has reduced insecurity. In these circumstances crimes increase. So people become more cautious in social relations. They fear with every event and feel insecurity. Differentiations of places infused sense of security or fear to citizens. So, spatial differences in cities influences in differences of sense of insecurity.                  Security has much more important in the metropolis of Tehran. In this area the Centralized system of government Caused centralized of populations that underlie social deviations and abnormalities. So, Tehran and the cities in its area have the highest level of crime in the cities of Iran. The cities that have grown in the metropolitan areas of Tehran in the last few decades have a lot of social problems. The Qods city is one of them that received many immigrants so it is involved many social problems like insecurity. In this social environment the sense of insecurity has grown.                Since the analyzing the root causes of sense of insecurity in different places of city affect in improve the performance of urban officials and it increase citizens' sense of place, this research is sought to analysis the sense of security in the different quarters of the city of Qods and it offers the solutions to improve the present situation. This study will answer this question that does the sense of security of citizens in urban quarters were different? And whether the diversity of land uses in the urban areas affect in the citizen’s sense of security?   Material & Methods                This is an applied research according to the purpose and is a descriptiveanalytical according to the nature and method. Data have gathered with documentary and survey methods. The statistical society is the citizens over 18 years in the city of Qods. The sample size is estimated 375 people with the Cochran formula. Samples are selected by cluster sampling method randomly. Preliminary data had gathered in March 2014 in the city of Gods. The questionnaire has been drawn up with Likert questions. This reality was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The research data analyses with use of the correlation coefficient regression and Ttest in the SPSS and the urban quarters were ranked based on using multi criteria decisionmaking of Topsis and the Cluster Analysis.                This research has physical (The nocturnal land uses, acquaintance of urban space, the quality of urban roads, the readability, natural and artificial care), socialeconomic (busyness, rising land prices, the rise in prices of housing units, rent increase, relationships and social interactions, police performance, accumulation of offenders) and environmental (air pollution, acoustic pollution, accumulation of rubbish) index.   Discussion of Results & Conclusions                In general, Most of residents of the city are not satisfied of security. This study showed that the characteristics of urban places like the social conditions, the formation of spaces and the application of urban spaces affect the amount of security in the city of Gods. Also, the current study revealed that whatever the rate of commuter is higher in the urban spaces, the citizens feel more secure. In some street like Taleghani and Azadi avenues the commuter is low, which suggests the lack of attraction is their business activities with the needs and demands of the citizens. The contrary, a relatively high amount of commuter on the streets of Emamzadeh and Sajjad that can be due to the land uses of such training centers are consistent with the demand of citizens. In the workshop area and the subsidiary passages commuting of citizens especially women is very low. Therefore, the results obtained that the routes of city is essential in maintaining the sense security for citizens. Route resolution of day and night, removing physical barriers and annoying land users along the sidewalks and proper design of flooring has caused the pedestrian to feel safer use of the spaces.                In the social and economic indicator central quarter of the city ranked first and the last rank achieved Sorkhehesar. The formation of new quarters, "CuyeFarhangian" and "Simetrishora" with a relatively strong socioeconomic structure in the city's central quarters has been effective in increasing its rank. But semirural structure in the quarter of Sorkhehesar has a significant effect in reducing its rank.                In general, central quarter is new with proper distribution of land use, high density construction and favorable socioeconomic and environmental indicators is the greatest quarter of the city. Most immigrants live in the southwest of the city with chaotic structure and the most disadvantaged quarter in terms of indices sense of security.