تحقق اهداف قرارداد مشاركت زماني (تايم‌شر) از طريق عقد اجاره كلي در معين در حقوق ايران

Adaption of TimeSharing Contracts with the Universitas Facti Lease Contract in Iranian Law

قرارداد مشاركت زماني (تايم شر) قراردادي است كه بر اساس آن فرد در دوره زماني مشخصي از سال نسبت به موضوع قرارداد مالك عين يا منفعت يا دارنده حق انتفاع مي شود و در اثر آن ميتواند مباشرتاً يا با معرفي ديگران به طور متناوب و به نحو دائمي يا محدود از آن استفاده كند. اين قراردادها به صورتهاي گوناگون در كشورهاي مختلف جهان تشكيل مي شود. هدف از اين پژوهش آن نيست كه ماهيت اين گونه قراردادها تبيين گردد؛ بلكه سؤال اصلي آن است آيا در حقوق ايران ميتوان از طريق عقد اجاره به اهداف قراردادهاي مشاركت زماني رايج دست يافت. در اين قراردادها برخلاف حقوق ايران، ميان منفعت و عين تفكيكي صورت نگرفته است و مالكيت نوعي حق به شمار مي آيد. بر اساس مباني قانون مدني و آراي فقهي، ميتوان از طريق اجاره به صورت كلي در معين با لحاظ عموميت بدلي در مورد موضوع اجاره و نيز مدت آن، به اهداف قراردادهاي مشاركت زماني دست يافت.

On the basis of the TimeSharing contract, a person, in a certain course of time, becomes the owner of the substance or its usufruct, or holds the right to benefit from the subject of the contract upon which the agreement is concluded. Under the influence of the TimeSharing contract, the person holding the abovestated rights, will be able to directly or representatively fulfill his or her rights periodically for a limited or perennial course of time. These contracts are being concluded in a diverse set of forms almost in all of the countries around the world. The main purpose of this research is not to render a clear definition of the nature of the TimeSharing contracts; but rather is to put emphasis on whether it is conceivable, based on Iranian legal system, to achieve contractual outcomes particular to the TimeSharing contracts through a special type of Lease contract. In the very meaning of timeshare there is no substantive detachment between the substance of a contract and its usufruct and ownership is considered as a right. However, in the light of the tenets of the Civil Code of Iran and Islamic jurisprudential decrees in this regard, it is conceivable to attain the outcomes particular to the TimeSharing contracts through a specific kind of the Lease contract or through the assignment of the “Substitutive Generality” to the subject and duration of the Lease contract.