مالكيت منابع نفت و گاز درجا و بهره‌برداري از آن در فقه اسلام

Ownership and Operation of Oil and Gas Resources in Place in Islamic Jurisprudence

بحث راجع به مالكيت معادن نفت و گاز در فقه اسلام را ميتوان در ضمن باب مالكيت معادن تفحص نمود. از مجموع آراء فقها مستفاد ميشود كه در باب مالكيت معادن، برحسب اين كه ظاهري باشد يا باطني، اقوال متفاوتي وجود دارد كه عمدتاً حول نظامهاي انفال و مشتركات عامه دوران دارند. با استنباط از ملاكات رايج تقسيم بندي معادن در فقه، نفت و گاز، بر خلاف دريافت مشهور، با لحاظ تغيير ماهيت و كاربرد موضوع در عصر حاضر، جزو معادن باطني به حساب ميآيد. نظام فقهي بهرهبرداري از معادن نفت و گاز، بر حسب اين كه جزو انفال محسوب شود يا مشتركات عامه، متفاوت خواهد بود. در اين تحقيق با توجه به تفسيري كه از مفهوم مالكيت در انفال به عمل ميآيد اين تفاوت كمرنگتر خواهد شد. معادن اعم از اين كه انفال باشد يا مشتركات عامه، در مالكيت اداري حاكم اسلامي قرار مي گيرد و حاكم اسلامي نيز ميتواند بر پايه ي مصلحت عامه و منفعت عمومي نسبت به اقطاع معادن به اشخاص ذيصلاح در چارچوب نظامات مبيّن اقدام نمايد. البته، اقطاع معادن مفيد اباحه است و نه ملكيت.

The discussion about possession of oil and gas resources in Islamic jurisprudence may be inquired along with ownership of mines. It is deduced from total votes of the jurists about possession of mines that there are various comments in this regard whether such a possession is apparent and/ or latent and it will differ if it is assumed as public properties or joint ownerships so these are concerned with ‘Anfal’ and ‘public ownerships. Unlike the wellknown impression, through inference from the current criteria for classification of mines in Islamic jurisprudence, oil and gas are deemed as latent mines in terms of change in their substance and application of the subject at present time. The jurisprudential system of exploitation from oil and gas mines will be different whether they are considered as public properties or the joint ownerships. With respect to the interpretation from concept of possession in public properties, such a difference will be further downplayed in this investigation. The mines will be included in administrative possession of Islamic ruler whether they are assumed as public properties or the joint ownerships. And the Islamic ruler may also delegate the mines as copyhold to the competent entities within the framework of the stipulated systems and regulations based on public expediency and interest. Of course, copyhold of mines is employed for permission for use and not for possession. The copyhold of oil and gas mines is maximally beneficent for appropriation in exploitation within definite period of time with possible request for returning them in the case of non exploitation.