مطالعۀ تطبيقي وضعيت زوجۀ غايب مفقودالأثر در فقه مذاهب خمسه

THE SITUATION OF THE CONTINUOUSLY ABSENT PERSON's WIFE FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF SHIITE AND SUNNITE JURESPRUDENCE

اين امكان وجود دارد كه زوج به دلايل مختلف غايب شود، به‌گونه‌اي كه از او خبري نرسد و در اصطلاح مفقودالأثر شود. دو نظر دربارۀ‌ وظيفۀ‌ زوجۀ‌ مفقودالأثر مطرح شده است: يكي صبر و ديگري تربص. اماميه زماني به صبر حكم مي‌دهند كه حيات غايب معلوم باشد يا نفقه‌ برقرار باشد وإلّا زوجه حق درخواست طلاق دارد. پس از چهار سال تربص و تفحص، زوجه‌ مطلقه مي‌شود. حنابله زماني كه ظاهر غيبت، مرگ مفقود باشد و فقهاي مالكي دربارۀ‌ مفقود در سرزمين اسلام و در جنگ مسلمانان و كفار، وظيفۀ‌ زوجه را تربص مي‌دانند. حنابله زماني كه ظاهر، سلامتي مفقود باشد و مالكيه در مورد مفقود در سرزمين كفر و شافعيه و حنفيه به‌طور مطلق حكم به صبر داده‌اند.

The crises sometimes cause a man(zawj) to become absent so that no news have been received from him. Shiite and Sunnite religions have two opinions about the situation of the wife(Zawjah) of the continuously absent person: patience until his life or death becomes clear, and waiting four months and ten days(Ieddeh of death) after waiting for a determined period. Shiite Jurists, in condition that the man is alive and has left the maintenance(nafaqeh) for his wife, issue that the wife's duty is patience. Otherwise the wife can apply for divorce. After waiting for four years and looking for him by the judge, if no news have been received from him, the judge will grant divorce. Hanbali and Maleki jurists have views similar to Shiites'. Shafeeis' and  Hanafis' believe that the wife of the absent must have patience until the individuals like him die. Then she waits four months and ten days(Ieddeh of death).