پديد آورندگان :
شجاعيان، كمال دانشگاه زابل - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم دامي , حبيبي، رامين دانشگاه زابل - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم دامي , شهرياري، راضيه دانشگاه زابل - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم دامي , جليلوند، قاسم دانشگاه زابل - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم دامي
چكيده لاتين :
I
ntroduction
:
Recently, many countries tended to minimize or prohibit the chemical components for
their deleterious side effects on both animals and human. So, it is important to use natural promoters.
Herbs and
its
by products
were found to have
useful
effects, e.g.,
antioxidant, growth
promoters
(Habibi et al.
2014),
Immunostimulants
(Habibi et al., 2016)
tonics, antiparasitic
,
anti
-
bacterial,
carminative, anti
-
fungial, anti
-
microbial and antiseptic
(Jafarnia et al.
2007). Medicinal plant
competes
with the synthetic drugs
.
(Habibi et al.
2014).
Eucalyptus
(
Eucalyptus globulus
) of the
Myrtaceae
family is an important medical herb in
world
and has antioxidant, anticholestrol and
antimicrobial properties
(Jafarnia et al.
2007)
.
Eucalyptus leaves used
to produce essential oil
.
Essential oil of eucalyptus leaves contain effective compounds such as 1,8 cineol, Limonene, o
-
Cymene and α
-
pinene
,
that
main composition of
its
is
eucalyptol
(
1,8 Cineole
)
.
const
ituting
the 60
–
90%
, that has been reported to
inhibit the production and synthesis of tumour necrosis
factor
-
α (TNF
-
α), interleukin
-
1β (IL
-
1β
), leukotriene B4,
and thromboxane B2 in human blood
monocytes
(Serafino et al. 2008)
.
Eucalyptus essential
oil
proved
to be able to implement innate
-
cell
mediat
ed, hum
oral immune response and have a
potent immunomodulatory effect in chickens
(
Awaad
et al. 2010).
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of
eucalyptus (
Eucalyptus globules
) leaf powder on performance, carcass character
istics and immune
response of broiler chicks.
Material and method
s
:
A total of 240 one day male broiler chicks (Ross
-
308)
provided by a local
commercial hatchery
were randomly allocated to one of the 5 experimental treatments. Each
tre
atment condition consisted of 4
replicate pens with 12 birds each.
Experimental treatments
included: Control (corn
-
soy meal based diet) and treatments containing diets supplemented with 0.25,
0.5, 0.75 and 1 percent of eucalyptus leaf powder.
The composit
ion of the basal diets is presented in
Table 1
. Chicks were provided with
ad
libitum
access to water and feed.
The birds were reared on
concrete flooring covered with wood shavings
as litter
material.
The body weight and feed
consumption of the birds were
recorded at 10, 24
and
42
d
ays
of experiment period. Two birds per
each replicate were randomly selected and then slaughtered
.
Organs were removed and weighed from
each bird. Weight of the organs were expressed as a percentage of live body weight. The SRBC
(sheep
red blood cell) test was performed to quant
ify the specific antibody titre
for injection of SRBC, at
first 30cc of
phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
solution with 10cc of SRBC completely mixed and 0.2
cc of the obtained solution drawn into the syring
e was injected into the breast muscle 4 bird per
treatment
in 2
0
and
30
days of age. Whole sheep blood collected in solution was washed three times
in PBS with pH=7.4 and diluted in PBS to 25 %. Therefore, 7 days after each sensitization (2
7
and
3
7
days) were bled for assessing haemagglutination (HA) titre against SRBC by using freshly
prepared one percent SRBC. The test serum (25μl) was serially diluted 1:2 with PBS in microtiter plates. After dilution, 25 μl of 1 % SRBC was added to each well and
mixed. The plate was incubated
at 37
°C
for 1 hour and haemagglutination titre was expressed as the log2 of the reciprocal of the
highest dilution showing 100 percent agglutination (Yamuna and
Thangavel
2011).
All data were analyzed according to
GLM
procedu
re of SAS (SAS Institute,
2004
), version 9.1. The Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test was used to compare means when significant effects (P < 0.05) were detected
by analysis of variance.
R
esults
and
d
iscussion
:
E
xperimental treatments had no effects
(P>0.05)
on
the amounts of weight
gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio
(Table 3)
. There
was
no significant difference between
treatments in carcass characteristics and relative weight of immune organs at 42 days of age (P>0.05).
This results
were
in agreement with
Yaghoobzadeh
et al (2004) who observed an non significant
improvement in the body weight gain of chicks fed diets supplemented with
e
ucalyptus
powder and
its by products
,
however
carcass
traits
relative weight was not affected by the inc
lusion of
e
ucalyptus
in the diet.
Also, Koopaie
et al (2011) reported that
e
ucalyptus
essential oil has positively influenced
growth performance
in broilers
.
Birds were received 0.5% of eucalyptus leaf powder, had highest
antibody concentration versus sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and its difference was significant with
control group (P<0.05). But, there had no significant difference between experimental groups
and
control group regarding SRBC at 27 days of age (P>0.05). At 37 days of age, treatments contained
0.5, 0.75 and 1% of eucalyptus leaf powder, had higher antibody concentration than control group
(P<0.05).
Kopaei molk et al (2011) stated
that
s
upplementi
on of 200 mg/kg essential oil of eucalyptus
leaves
in broilers
significantly increased Y and M immunoglobulins versus SRBC
antigen.
Karimi et
al (2015) reported
highest antibody titer to SRBC was observed in group containing of eucalyptus
extract in compared with birds
were
reci
e
ved
yarrow, Iranian caraway, garlic
and
licorice
extracts
.
Sadlon et al (2010) stated
that
e
ucalyptus,
activity of phagocytes and increased monocyte count and
decreased nucleus transcription factor and interleukins
4 and 6 in the presence of inflammation in the
body,
also
these researchers
reported that
1,8 cineol (major component of
eucalyptus essential oil)
could be increased the secretion of cytokines.
It has been stated that
1,
8 cineole composition ha
s
antioxidant activity, which
could be
reduce free radicals produced in the body
(
Misharina et al. 2009)
,
that antioxidant
s
can help t
o strengthen
body immune system (
Burton at al. 1977).
C
onclusions
:
Results of the present study indicated that usage of
eucalyptus leaf powde
r in 0.5
percent concentration,
cause
d
improvement and reinforcement immune response, however had no
significant
e
ffect on performance and carcass traits of broiler chicks.
