چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Internal migration in terms of the accommodation type can be divided into two types: 1. Definitive migration (permanent) 2. Seasonal migration (temporary). Seasonal or temporary migration of rural labor force is of internal migration to cities, which a large number of villagers attempted to do that every year, particularly in developing countries. In some developing countries their numbers has been listed as tens of millions persons. Two important characteristics of this type of migration is being temporary and replicate. This type of migration has long been in different countries and has been observed more in mountainous areas which the cold season is long and farming is weak. The main cause of seasonal migration, is shortage of land. It has been proven that the Earth major factor in the decision of rural workers to migrate to other areas than humans. Another factor that affects the decision of seasonal migration is inequality in economic growth, because of the unequal development of agriculture and industry. Transferring the earned income, or remittances by seasonal migrant affects the local economy.
This study tries to answer this question: Does place-spatial factors have role in seasonal migration of rural labor force into the cities in the Sarvabad county of Kurdistan province? The objective of this study is to explore the role of spatial factors in the rural labor seasonal migration to the cities. For this purpose of spatial factors, three components of Earth's mean of rural household, distance from city and rural height were selected and the seasonal migration from rural areas has been calculated on the basis of these three parameters. The population study will comprise the heads of rural households of Sarvabad County. Of 65 Village in county, 13 villages (20%) out of 11700 rural households were selected randomly as sample, and 323 heads of households were selected based on logical Cochran formula. Finally, with using the Pearson correlation between migration and spatial factors, distance, the household mean of land and village heights have been investigated. Findings shows that the largest number of immigrants (54%) stay up to 4 months in the seasonal migration. (60%) migrants are trying at spring and (39.3) return at autumn. According to Pearson test, two parameters of the land mean of household and distance from the city with measure of seasonal migration has been highly correlated and height of villages is not correlated. Accordingly, we can conclude that spatial factors in the development of seasonal migration of rural labor force are involved in the Sarvabad County.
Methodology
This study is descriptive-analytical, survey and applied, in terms of nature, method, and objective, respectively. To collect the data, documentary and field survey method (including questionnaires, observations and interviews) were used. Of the spatial and space indexes, the mean size of land owned by households, the height of sample villages and their survey distance to the nearest city were selected. Then the migration of each sample villages, based on the correlation with each of the mentioned factors was been measured. The levels of migration were asked from the villages' council. The survey distance from the nearest city and height of villages were calculated by GPS device. Also, part of the results was collected and analyzed by means of the questionnaire. Out of the population of total rural households living in 65 villages of Sarvabad County, 20 percent were selected as sample which includes 13 villages. The sampling method used in this research is random sampling. Of the total 11700 rural households, 323 households were selected to complete the questionnaire, based on Cochran formula. Result and discusion
The data show that 31.3 percent, 55.1 percent and 80 percent of respondents were emigrant up to 2 months, 3 month and 5 months of the year, correspondingly. The results suggest that there are two seasonal migration patterns in terms of the time. The first pattern in which, most migrants, i.e., 50.6 of them migrate in the spring. The second pattern, which contains about 30 percent of the labor force, migrate in autumn and winter, in this type of seasonal migration. Migration in the spring is different from majority of migration classifications which consider the migration season after agricultural activity. 30 % of the seasonal migrants follow the same common migration pattern in the rest of the world, in terms of time and attempt to migrate in the fall and winter. They usually go to the south regions of the country in which, construction activities are possible in the winter.
The data also shows that most migrants' respondents, i.e., 57.3% were simple construction laborers in destination place and also, 11 percent of respondents had been unanswered there. The result indicates that there is a strong and direct relationship between the survey distance of the village to the city and the seasonal migration levels.
As well as the existence of a very strong and reverse relationship between the mean level of the household's farmland and seasonal migrations. On the relationship between the height of the sample villages and migration levels, the results show that there is relationship between the height level and migration level. Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that there is a reverse relationship between the seasonal migration and household's farmland levels. In fact, one of the factors of seasonal migration of rural labor force in the studied area is being low the level of land owned by households that causes being below the income of rural households and force the households to seek the other sources of income. Due to the limited sources of income in the region villages, the seasonal migration to the city is offered as an option to increase annual household income and meet their needs in part of the year. The low impact of households' farmland on the seasonal migration of the rural labor force was also confirmed on the Haberfield studies in India. The results also show that there is a direct relationship between the distance of villages from city and migration level. In fact, increasing villages distance from the city limits access of the villagers to the city and led to lack of proper communication of farmers with markets and understanding their needs and thus, agriculture has not been commercial, income from agriculture is insufficient and household would have to do seasonal migration, in order to compensate the loss of income.
On the relationship between the height factor and migration levels of rural labor force, the results show that there is no meaningful relationship between the height and migration level, because the more height, the colder period will occur, as well as the period of harvesting. But, because of small level of household's farmland and poor agriculture in the region, this matter has no impact on household income, essentially.
- Lessening the number of migrants entering the seasonal migration process and then, trying to organize migrants
- Efforts to invest in education and as a result, proliferation of employment in inverted crafts and tourism industry associated with gardening of region's villages potential.
- trying to improve transportation infrastructure make relation between agriculture and urban markets for the commercialization of agriculture and increasing rural household income
