چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: In international literature, the interest in development of rural communities in the field of economic and social transformations has been growing up, rapidly. This matter is the most important solution to solve the problems of the villagers as a strategy to improve living conditions. Transformations are of particular importance in rural areas of developing countries. Because these areas play a major role in their economic and social development. Progress and development of other areas are also dependent on rural areas. The economic and social development of rural areas is entirely conditional on the existence of the rural infrastructure and basic. The roads, especially freeway are of the most important economic infrastructures of any country which has affected the human population and has caused increasing the income and improving other infrastructures in rural areas. Todays, the freeway has an important role in economic and social life in rural areas. As a key in sustainable economic and social development and one of the critical infrastructure required for growth of communities. The absence of these infrastructure for rural residents lessens their access to spectrum range of important public services and welfare facilities. Also, the lack of access to it and the geographical isolation of rural areas can be seen as one of the underlying causes of poverty. The lack of these accesses can be observed as limiting reasons of people opportunities for improving and their social and economic sustainability. Generally, it can be said that accessing structures and facilities of these infrastructures and transportation is of the major factors in development rural areas. So, paying attention to the construction of these infrastructure in rural communities is necessary, which strengthens the local capacity, and provides the infrastructure and human capital development. Methodology The research methodology belonged to applied study and is descriptive-analytic, in terms of methodology framework. Data collection was done in documentary and filed study. Population, including the households of villages with 7 km far from freeway in eastern Miankouh district (N= 514). 103 households were randomly selected by Cochran formula as research sample. The measuring instrument was a questionnaire. After collecting and classifying data by using SPSS software, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used in order to analyze the data. For analytical inferential data, at first, one-sample t-test was used to analyze the mean and economic and social impacts of the freeway on rural settlements. In the next step, by using Friedman rank test, ranking each economic and social indexes was paid, and finally, by using linear regression and path analysis, the direct, indirect, and overall effects of each economic and social indexes on of these two variables was analyzed. Validity amount of the questionnaire was measured and confirmed by using content validity, which was determined by the experts in the subject matter. Also, in order to assess the reliability, from a sample consists of 35 questionnaires was taken pretest and using obtained data, the confidence coefficient was calculated with Cronbach's alpha formula. The amount of confidence coefficient was obtained through Cronbach's alpha. The total obtained alpha for the economic and social dimensions was 0.86, which was higher than 0.70. Therefore, we can say that assessment tool had an appropriate reliability.
Results and discussion Analysis the effects of freeway investigate in social and economic dimensions shows that among the social dimension index, health index by mean (3.86) was in a higher level than other indexes. Such that, accessing the health and nutrition subjects, taking benefit from health facilities rather than in the past and in relation to other areas have been changed by the construction of freeways, the construction of health centers in rural areas has been increased, and gathering the waste by village administrators has been expanded in the village. Social and personal security index with mean (2.76) is at a lower level compared with other social dimension indexes. So that, the amount of stealing rural households' livestock in this region due to the commuting multiple vehicles and the road accidents have been increased, rather than in the past and consequently, these cause lessening security in the region. Analyzing research fielding in the field of economic impact of the freeways' construction reveal that the index of accessing rural households with mean (4.04) is at a higher level rather than the other indexes. Such that, access to the selling market of agricultural and livestock products has been more than ever for rural households. Which in turn, it causes an increase in household income. Similarly, the availability of materials to build housing and access to durable and nondurable goods has been raised compared to the past, which caused enhancing the rural houses. The level of villagers income by increasing the area under cultivation of agricultural crops has been raised, economic and jobs diversification has been created, and the tendency of young workers to non-agricultural and stock breeding jobs in rural areas has been increased at an acceptable level. Also, agricultural and residential land prices have been increased after the construction of this freeway, significantly. Conclusion Analyzing the results rural development projects show that these projects did not have much success and sustainability. One of the most important reasons for the failure of these projects is the lack of rural transport infrastructure. Results on the study in analyzing the situation of social indexes in sample villages represent a positive impact on all mentioned indexes. The villages which were closer to the freeway and have been located beside of it like, Galenasir, Jado'ab, Mahdikhan, Ahmadabad, Chemeshkzirtangh, Rahmatabad and Khalilakbar, construction of the freeway had more social and economic impacts than other villages on them. So can be concluded that freeway construction in general causes positive economic and social impacts on neighboring villages. It should be noted that the construction of this freeway destroyed around two thousand hectares of this region's natural areas. Because this freeway has passed among the pristine oak forests of the south of Lorestan. In conjunction with the research findings, it is recommended that stakeholders and planners of the rural development process pay enough attention to the importance of roads and transportation in rural areas, in this regard. Also, its positive benefits to be examined more precise and try to reduce its negative environmental effects. It is hoped that by increasing investments in these cases, in rural areas and in order to boost rural development and economic and social debates of the rural households, this study would be taken advantage of.
