تأثير پايه هاي مالينگ و مالينگ مرتون و فاصله كاشت بر صفات كمي و كيفي سيب رقم ”رد دليشيز“ در منطقه مشگين شهر

Effect of Malling and Malling Merton Rootstocks and Planting Distances on the Quality and Quantity Characteristics of Apple Cultivar 'Red Delicious' in Meshginshahr Region

به منظور تعيين مناسب ترين پايه رويشي پاكوتاه سيب رقم ”رد دليشيز“ و نيز فاصله كاشت بهينه در شرايط آب و هوايي منطقه مشگين شهر، اين تحقيق در قالب آزمايش اسپليت پلات با طرح پايه بلوكهاي كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار و در مدت دو سال اجرا گرديد. دو فاصله كاشت2 × 4 متر و 3 × 4 متربه عنوان كرت اصلي و سه پايه M26 وM9 ،MM106 به عنوان كرت فرعي در نظر گرفته شدند. تجزيه واريانس داده هاي صفات نشان داد بين سالها از لحاظ صفات عملكرد و تراكم گل، بين فاصله هاي كاشت از لحاظ صفات عملكرد، اندازه ميوه، تراكم گل و مواد جامد محلول، بين پايه ها از لحاظ صفات عملكرد، اندازه ميوه، تراكم گل و ماده خشك، بين اثر متقابل فاصله كاشت × پايه و اثرمتقابل سال × فاصله كاشت×پايه از لحاظ صفت عملكرد اختلاف معني دار در سطح احتمال 5 و 1 درصد مشاهده گرديد. سيب رقم ”رد دليشيز“ بر روي پايه 9 M در فاصله كاشت 2× 4 متر با 367/9 تن در هكتار داراي بيشترين مقدار عملكرد بود و در گروه a قرار گرفت. بررسي ميانگين اثر پايه بر روي ميوه نشا ن داد كه سيب”رد دليشيز“ روي M9 بزرگترين ميوه را توليد نمود و بيشترين تراكم را داشت. اندازه ميوه، تراكم گل يك درخت و درصد مواد جامد محلول در فاصله كاشت 3×4 متر بزرگ تر از فاصله كاشت 2× 4 متر بود. در اين پژوهش در تيمارهاي مورد بررسي بيماري آتشك سيب مشاهده نگرديد.

Background and Objectives Apple belongs to Rosaceae specious and its scientific name is Malus Pumila L. Today over 35 specious of apple has been known in the world. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), regarding the Apple planting area, China ranks first and Russia, India and Ukraine place second and third respectively. Considering the fact that Malling rootstock has different effects on quality and quantity characteristics of different specious and show different reactions in different densities, this experiment was done in order to determine the apple cultivar 'Red Delicious' in Meshginshahr region. Material and Methods This experiment was done in split plot based on Random Complete Block Design in three replications in two years in Meshginshahr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station. The experimental treatments were D= planting distance in two levels (d1=2×4 and d2=3×4) meters as the main plot, and R=growing rootstocks in three levels (r1=MM106, r2=M9 and r3=M26) as the secondary plot. Each treatment had 4 plants of apple 'Red Delicious' crossbred on their growing branches. The total numbers of plants used were 72. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics such as flower density, yield, fruit size, color, acidity, solvable solid materials and dry matter weight were measured separately for each treatment. Results Analysis of variances showed significant differences between years in terms of yield and flower density; between the planting distances in terms of yield, fruit size and soluble solids concentration and flower density; between rootstocks in terms of yield, fruit size, flower density and dry matter; and significant differences in yields between interactions of the planting distances×rootstocks, year×planting distances×rootstocks. Apple Cultivar 'Red Delicious' grafted on M9 rootstock in planting distances of 2×4 m with 9.367 tons per hectare had the highest yield and was placed in group. Analysis of average effect of rootstock in fruit production showed that 'Red Delicious' on M9 rootstocks produced the biggest fruit and had the highest density. Fruit size, flower density on tree and soluble solids concentration in the planting at a distance of 3×4 m were greater than that in 2×4 m. Discussions Year and planting distance interplay on yield had a significant effect in a way that the amounts of yield on all rootstocks were the highest during the two years of experiment. Planting distance had a significant effect on solvable solid matter of the cultivar apple red delicious at the probability level of 1 percent. Other factors did not have any significant effect on solvable solid matter acidity. In more planting distances, the trees can get more sun light and nutrient materials, hence their solvable solid matter increases