ماهيت جعاله

Nature of the Reward

در تحليل ماهيت جعاله، ديدگاه ­هاي متفاوتي ابراز شده است؛ دو ديدگاه عمده عقدي و ايقاعي بودن جعاله؛ هر كدام با استناد به نكاتي سعي در تبيين ماهيت جعاله دارند. طرفداران عقدي بودن جعاله، قبول و موافقت عامل را شرط تحقق جعاله مي­دانند؛ اما در انديشه فقيهاني كه نظريه ايقاعي بودن جعاله را برگزيدند، قبول عامل، تأثيري در ايجاب جاعل ندارد و به عنوان ركن در جعاله، تلقي نمي­ شود؛ اين فقيهان، عقدي دانستن جعاله را مستلزم ناديده گرفتن قواعد عمومي عقود مي­دانند. در مقابل معدودي از فقيهان نيز نظريات ديگري همچون: تسبيب، برزخ بين عقد و ايقاع، اقتضايي بودن جعاله، را مطرح كرده اند و معتقدند كه جعاله به طور مطلق نه عقد است و نه ايقاع. در ميانه اين اختلاف آراء، نوشتار حاضر ضمن بررسي حقيقت جعاله، نظريه اقتضايي بودن جعاله را پي مي­گيرد.

Various views have been expressed in the analysis of the nature of Reward. In this paper, the two main views of the mutual contract and unilateral obligation nature of Reward have been aimed to explain by referring to a few points. The supporters of the Reward consider the agreement and acceptance of the worker as a condition for the realization of it. But, according to the view of jurisprudents -who chose the theory of being unilateral obligation of Reward - the acceptance of the worker does not have an effect on the offer (Ijab) of conductor and would not be considered as a pillar in this regard. These jurisprudents regarded being mutual contract of Reward would entail of ignoring the general rules of contracts. In return, some jurisprudents have also cited other ideas such as causation, interval between mutual contract and unilateral obligation, and being requirement of Reward. They believe that Reward is absolutely not a mutual contract or a unilateral obligation. In the midst of this difference of opinions, the present paper, investigating the nature of Reward, follows the theory of being requirement of Reward.