پديد آورندگان :
عرب فرد، مجيد دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه مهندسي آب , شاهنظري، علي دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه مهندسي آب , ضياتبار احمدي، ميرخالق دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه مهندسي آب
چكيده فارسي :
مشكلات اجراي آبياري كوزه اي همچون هجوم ريشه گياه به سمت كوزه و مشكل پركردن دستي كوزه ها از آب، مانع از توسعه كاربرد اين روش آبياري شده است. لذا بررسي كارايي روش جايگزين آبياري كوزه اي مانند آبياري تراوا و قطره اي ثقلي، مي تواند به عنوان راهكاري براي برون رفت از معضل توامان كمبود آب و انرژي مطرح شود. به اين منظور تحقيقي آزمايشگاهي با هدف شناسايي خصوصيات هيدروليكياين سه روش آبياري انجام شد. در اين تحقيق در قالب طرح آزمايشي بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي، برخي از مشخصات هيدروليكي سه تيمار روش آبياري فوق الذكردر سه فشار آب 0.5 متر،1.5 متر و 3 متر بررسي شد و با اندازه گيري حجم آب خارج شده تحت فشار ثابت آبياريدر مدت يكساعت، دبي 10 نمونه از هر تيمار، در طي هفت تكرار محاسبه شد و نتايج حاصله با استفاده از نرم افزار آماري SPSS مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتايج تجزيه واريانس، مشخص شد كه بيشترين يكنواختي توزيع بين نمونه ها در آبياري قطره اي ثقلي بوده و در آبياري تراوا ضمن بالابودن ضريب تغييرات ساخت، كمترين يكنواختي توزيع بين نمونه ها مشاهده شده است. همچنين با مقايسه ميانگين اثر سطوح فشار آبياري در يكنواختي توزيع در سطح احتمال پنج درصد به روش دانكن، مشخص شد كه با افزايش فشار، يكنواختي توزيع بيشتر خواهد شد. لذا به جهت حفظ يكنواختي توزيع بالاتر پيشنهاد مي شود كه بيشترين فشارثقلي جهت طراحي و اجرا انتخاب شود. در اين تحقيق طي دو ماه كاركرد تيمارها، به طور متوسط دبي لوله تراوا كم شد و با افزايش ضريب تغييرات ساخت و كم شدن يكنواختي توزيع، عملكرد ضعيف اين روشآبياري در محدوده فشارهاي ثقلي نتيجه گرفته شد. اين در حالي است كه تيمار قطره اي ثقلي در كليه تكرارها از ثبات مشخصات هيدروليكي برخوردار بوده و در تيمار كوزه اي نيز حتي با گذشت زمان، دبي نمونه ها به طور متوسط افزايش يافته است. لذا با منظوركردن پايين بودن ضريب تغييرات ساخت و بالابودن يكنواختي توزيع به عنوان مشخصه هاي برتري هيدروليكي، از بين سه روش مذكور به ترتيب روش آبياري قطره اي ثقلي، روشآبياري كوزه اي و روش آبياري تراوا و از بين فشارهاي ثقلي مورد بررسي نيز، فشار 3 متر به عنوان فشار مناسب توصيه مي شوند.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: Practical problems such as rushing roots toward pot, difficulty of manually filling with water and
deficit irrigation due to permeation from regular pots prevents the development of pot irrigation. With regard to
increasing irrigation efficiency importance and preventing water loss to fix the problems of this irrigation
method.Changing physical structure of pot could solve many problems and issues which this irrigation technique is
facing. Comparison of the two major characteristics of localized irrigation hydraulic characteristics (coefficient of
variation and distribution uniformity) and also using gravity pressure can achieve a solution for water and energy
shortage problems. So far, with knowledge of the role of water pressure at gravitational pressures in
hydraulicproperties of these methods, some effective features in these methods application is specified.
Material and Methods: This study was carried out in randomized complete block at water engineering department
of Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resources university laboratory from September to December 2015. In this
study, in the form of randomized complete block, hydraulic specifications of three treatments of pot irrigation,
gravity drip irrigation and porous pipe irrigation investigated under water pressure of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 m. In each of
the water column pressure, output water volume from 10 samples of each irrigation method treatments calculated
from 7 replicates during one hour in about two months. Porous pipes which used in this study were imported 16mm
sample pipes from Anahita Company. GDI gravitational emitter model, porous pipe and containers made of
cellulose clay pots in the form of cylinder shape with diameter of 15 cm were used. Thus, within one hour of
irrigation, water volume withdrawn from tested samples under constant pressure of irrigation were collected by
suitable containers and measured by graded container and flow rate of each samples were calculated. Christensen
distribution uniformity coefficient was calculated with Christensen distribution uniformity coefficient formula.
Based on USA agronomical engineers, a pointed emitters with variation coefficient less than 0.05 is good, with cv
of 0.05-0.10 is medium and with cv of 0.10-0.15 is weak. After calculating evaluation parameters, the results were
analyzed with SPSS statistical software and Tukey test at 1 %and 5 % level of probability.
Results and Discussion: The results of statistical analysis of randomized complete block design and mean
comparison of different level of treatments effects with Duncan test (irrigation method treatment and water
pressure treatment) at 5 %level of probability showed that maximum distribution uniformity achieved in
gravitational drip irrigation among samples. With increasing pressure, coefficient of variation was less affected and
at lower pressures, coefficient of variation among tested samples were more evident. In addition, it is indicated that
increasing pressure have maximum effect on flow rate and distribution uniformity increment while with increasing
pressure, minimum changes observed in coefficient of variation. Therefore, among possible gravitational pressures
in each project, maximum pressure should be selected for design and implementation. Result showed that in porous
pipes and in pressures of 50, 150 and 300 cm, average flow rate were 0.31, 1.4 and 4.2 liter per hour in meter,
average coefficient of variation were 0.88, 0.61 and 0.83 and average distribution uniformity were 2.2, 6.2 and 1.6
percent, respectively. In the main-treatment and in each pressure sub-treatment, samples flow rate changes at
different replicates is so high that coefficient of variation was more than conventional coefficient (more than 0.6)
and thus classified in unacceptable emitters. In this treatment, distribution uniformity was so low that using this
irrigation method at gravitational pressures range cannot be recommended. Based on statistical analysis results, it is
indicated that increasing pressure in gravitational drip irrigation have maximum effect and in pot irrigation, have
minimum effect on flow rate changes, and in addition, maximum distribution uniformity among samples was in
gravitational drip irrigation while in porous pipe irrigation besides high coefficient of variation, minimum
distribution uniformity among samples were observed.
Conclusion: Due to the high influence of pressure changes in gravitational pressures on hydraulic characteristics of
mentioned three irrigation method, among investigated gravitational pressures in this study, pressure of 3m as
appropriate pressure at gravitational pressures and among localized irrigation methods, gravitational drip irrigation
were recommended. It is recommended to paying attention to the development of gravitational drip irrigation
application in large-scale garden and agriculture projects with positive approach.
