بررسي روش هاي توليد نانوذرات نقره و خاصيت ضد ميكروبي آن در صنعت كاغذسازي

Investigation the production methods and silver nanoparticles antimicrobial properties in papermaking industry

سابقه و هدف: توسعه جهاني موجب توجه بيش تر مردم به بهداشت محيط زندگي و كار شده است. امروزه استفاده از ذرات نانو در پايانه تر كاغذسازي گسترش بسياري يافته است. به علاوه، بهره گيري از اين ذرات در پوشش دهي كاغذ و هم چنين به منظور ايجاد سطوح كاغذي ضدميكروب در مقياس آزمايشگاهي مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. از مهم ترين موارد كاربرد كاغذ مي توان به كاغذهاي بهداشتي اشاره نمود. در اين مطالعه هدف شناسايي خاصيت ضد ميكروبي نانو ذرات نقره است. مواد و روش ها: اين پژوهش از نوع مروري بوده كه به روش كتابخانه اي و با استفاده از مدارك و سوابق موجود، روش هاي توليد نانو ذرات نقره و خاصيت ضد ميكروبي و كاربرد آن در توليد كاغذهاي ضد باكتري مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. يافته ها: در صنعت بسته بندي استفاده از كاغذ با خصوصيات ضدباكتري يك راهكار مهم و مؤثر در پيشگيري از بسياري از بيماريها مي باشد. مطالعات نشان داد كه باكتري ها مي توانند بر روي سطوح اجسام بي جان خشك مانند كاغذ به مدت چندين روز يا ماه زنده باقي بمانند. به همين دليل استفاده از كاغذهاي ضد باكتري در اداره، كلاس درس و مكان هاي ديگر يك روش اقتصادي و مؤثري است كه باعث تميزتر نگه داشتن سطوح كاغذ براي مصرف كننده، بيمار و دانش آموزان مي شود. نتيجه گيري: كاغذ اسكناس و چاپ و تحرير از جمله عوامل مهم در انتقال ميكروارگانيسم هاي بيماري زا مي باشند. با توجه به خواص نانو ذرات نقره مي توان در كاغذ خواص ضد باكتري ايجاد كرد در حالي كه در ساير ويژگي هاي فيزيكي و مكانيكي كاغذ تغيير قابل ملاحظه اي ايجاد نكند. زيرا نانو ذرات سطح بسيار زيادي دارند و در مورد نقره به طور خاص، اين افزايش سطح باعث خواهد شد كه يك گرم از نانو نقره براي ضد باكتري كردن يك صد متر مربع از سطح يك ماده كافي باشد.

Background and Objectives: Different cultures are reflected as collections of words in the languages. The meaning concepts of these words are undoubtedly related to the experience and career awareness of people in every region. Native specialized terminology in pastures exploitation accounts for a precious heritage, the role of which is of great importance for extension, maintenance and continuous exploitation of natural areas. In recent years, the approach of the society to traditional knowledge of range users and social dignity of their career, which not long ago was a pillar of strength and development of rural socio-economic structure, has been faded by the oblivion of these words. This study aimed to identify, extend and introduce the specific herding terminology among pastoral nomads of Shahsavan tribe in summer pastures of Sabalan Mountain, Ardabil Province. Materials and Methods: The terms offered in this article are based on the results of a collaborative research conducted in the study area. Initially, some representatives were selected as informants and then, at the right moment, non-structural dialogue was conducted by communicating in a friendly way. Statements including words and sentences were recorded as keywords or detailed information and then conversations were analyzed at the appropriate time. This research started in June 2012 and ended in December of the same year. Overall, a number of 100 range beneficiaries in 13 groups (male and female) and 45 individual persons were interviewed. In this method deep and purposeful interviews were undertaken and information and vocabularies related to the exploitation of rangelands in the themes such as types of rangelands and vegetation cover, type of livestock grazing on rangelands, herding sites and buildings, naming and division of herds, words of herding-related career classes and terms related to weather and climate were collected and classified. Results: Concluding the results of the respondents’ remarks showed that about one hundred practical words concerning pasture and range management could be identified which were common in conversation of Shahsavan nomads for the management, conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Conclusion: The results also showed that the connotation scope of this terminology is the product of observations accompanied by constant interest of the users during a long time that has been improved in a social regular structure. It not only affects the development of the vocabulary treasures but also influences the expansion of range science.