پديد آورندگان :
اميري محمد اسماعيل نويسنده , نجاتيان محمد علي نويسنده , عادل مریم نويسنده كارشناس ارشد علوم باغبانی Adel Maryam
كليدواژه :
تخصيص مواد فتوسنتزي , تغذيه , شاخص هاي رويشي , مخزن
چكيده فارسي :
توزیع مواد فتوسنتزی بین قسمت¬های رویشی و زایشی تحت تاثیر عوامل محیطی و وضعیت تغذیه گیاه قرار می¬گیرد (20). هر یك از قسمت-های رویشی و زایشی گیاه می¬توانند به عنوان مخزن (Sink)، بخشی از مواد پرورده فتوسنتزی را به خود اختصاص دهد. بنابراین تغذیه با مواد مختلف تیماری می¬تواند توزیع مواد فتوسنتزی بین قسمت¬های رویشی و زایشی گیاه را تحت تاثیر قرار داده و تغییراتی در تخصیص مواد پرورده فتوسنتزی بوجود آورد. از آنجائیكه بررسی تسهیم مواد پرورده فتوسنتزی مبحث بسیار پیچیده¬ای بوده و تفسیر اثرات تیمارها بر تسهیم مواد در گیاهان باغی دشوار است، لذا این بررسی با مقایسه تاثیر تیمارهای اسید سالیسیلیك و سولفات منیزیم كلاته بر تخصیص مواد پرورده به پارامترهای رویشی و زایشی، كاربرد خارجی تیمارهای تغذیه¬ای را بر رشد اندام¬های مختلف هدف قرار داده است. در تحقیق حاضر اندازه¬گیری پارامترهای رشد رویشی (وزن برگ، سطح برگ، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، رشد شاخه سال جاری و غیره) و زایشی (نسبت طول به قطر و چگالی میوه و غیره) در شرایط اعمال تیمارهای اسید سالیسیلیك و سولفات منیزیم كلاته با هدف بررسی تاثیر كاربرد خارجی مواد هورمونی و معدنی بر پارامترهای مزبور در شرایط آلودگی طبیعی آتشك و در راستای نیازهای تولید صورت گرفت. سطوح تیماری اسید سالیسیلیك صفر، 1/0 و 5/0 گرم در هزار و سولفات منیزیم كلاته صفر، 5/0 و 7/0 گرم در هزار بود. نتایج ارزیابی¬ها نشان داد كه تركیبات تیماری تخصیص مواد پرورده فتوسنتزی را تغییر داده و بین تركیبات مختلف تیماری از این نظر اختلاف معنی¬داری وجود داشت (01/0p <). به طوری كه تركیب اسید سالیسیلیك با غلظت 5/0 و سولفات منیزیم كلاته با غلظت 7/0 گرم در هزار بیشترین تخصیص مواد پرورده به اندام زایشی گیاه (بدلیل تولید چگالترین میوه¬ها) و تیمار سولفات منیزیم كلاته با غلظت 7/0 گرم در هزار بیشترین تخصیص مواد پرورده به اندام رویشی گیاه (بدلیل اختصاص بیشترین میانگین وزن مخصوص برگ) را به خود اختصاص دادند.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: Distribution of photosynthetic substances between vegetative and reproductive parts is influenced by the environmental factors as well as plant nutrition status. Therefore, application of nutrient substances (such as chelated magnesium sulfate and salicylic acid combination) can influence the distribution of photosynthetic substances which in turn result in changes in allocation of photo-assimilates between vegetative and reproductive parts. Since the investigation of partitioning of photo- assimilates is complex and the interpretation of treatments effects on partitioning of substances is difficult in garden plants, this examination has been focused on external application of nutritional treatments on different organs growth by comparing the effects of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate on the allocation of photo- assimilates.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was performed in a commercial 10-year old orchard of Qazvin in 2013. Initially, 60 uniform pears (cv. Louise Bonne) which were infected to fire blight disease were selected. Before treatment imposing, agronomic practices such as removing and pruning infected shoots were applied. Treatments were combination of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate at different levels, which were applied on foliage under the conditions of neutral pollution to fire blight. In the present research, vegetative parameters (current shoot growth, leaf weight, leaf area, relative water content and so on) and reproductive parameters (length: diameter ratio and density of fruit and so on) were measured.
The fully expanded leaves were collected randomly from each replicate. After washing the samples were weighed and these values referred to as initial readings (fresh weight). Then, the leaf samples were placed in distilled water for 24 h in the dark at room temperature. The turgid leaves were blotted dry and weighed (saturation weight). After weighing, the material was oven-dried at 70 °C for 24 h. Relative water content (RWC) of the leaves was appraised as described by Ritchie and Nguyen (19) using the following formula:
RWC (%) = [(f. wt. – d. wt.) / (t. wt. – d. wt.)] × 100
Where f. wt, d. wt and t. wt are fresh weight, dry weight and turgid weight, respectively.
Diameter and length of fruit were measured by nondestructive method (on the tree) and by using digital caliper in the places of maximum length and maximum width diameters, and length: diameter ratio from the division of these two parameters. Fruit weight was estimated by digital scale (0.01 g) and its volume by the difference of the water level of scaled column, and then fruit density was calculated by using formula d=M/V.
In order to estimate the parameters of leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight, leaf area meter and oven were used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments on decrease or increase current shoot growth, measuring shoot length was reported by tape measure according to centimeter.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the most amount of specific leaf weight was allocated in chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 and 0.7 g: 1000 ml) treatments and the least amount was belonged to the control group. The extent of changes in leaf area was between 28.17 to 44.33 cm2, were recorded to control group (without water) and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The minimum and maximum of specific leaf area were ranged between 44.14 to 59.40 cm2 and belonged to control group (without water) and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The most current shoot growth was observed in control group (without water) and the least quantity was in chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml). The minimum and maximum of fresh weight of leaf was changeable between 1.513 to 1.94 g were recorded to control group and salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The most and the least content of leaf relative water were observed to salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml) and salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml), respectively. The extent of changes in fruit specific gravity was changeable between 0.72 to 0.97 g to cm3. The maximum amount of fruit specific gravity was seen in salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) plus chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) and the minimum amount was in salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) treatment. The conformity of the maximum current shoot growth and leaf fresh weight with the minimum leaf dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight to control group and control group (without water) can declare the effect of treatment substances on the allocating manner of substances in different organs in plants and its stimulating effect on vegetative indexes that is not observable in the lack of treatment substances. The allocation of the most fruit specific gravity and also the least leaf relative water content and the least fruit length: diameter ratio to salicylic acid (0.5 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) can confirm the opposit relation among these parameters in the way of substances allocation and the effect of above treatment on this opposit relation. Denser fruits have fewer growth rather than types with the more blank space and receive a more carbohydrate from the tree rather than their weight. The decrease of relative water content of leaf can also be explained in the direction of the more absorption of carbohydrate by fruit as a strong sink. In other words, the existence of fruit as a strong sink in favorable conditions for photosynthesis (with paying attention to the high vegetative indexes) can prevent gathering water in chloroplast and cause an increase of fruit specific gravity.
Also, the allocation of the most specific leaf weight and the least fruit length: diameter ratio and the least current shoot growth to chelated magnesium sulfate (0.5 g: 1000 ml) express the positive role of sulfur in aforesaid concentration on stimulating leaf growth and its negative role in stimulating growth of shoot and fruit that somehow points on the effect of treatment substances on the allocation of substances (elaborate sap) to different organs. The sulfur compounds can cause preventing gibberellin synthesis and the decrease of internode length, like other growth retardants.
The maximum fruit length: diameter ratio was belonged to salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml). Salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) treatment induced maximum amounts of fruit length and diameter to itself that confirms the positive role of salicylic acid in stimulating growth in stress conditions (biotic stress derived from Erwinia amylovora). The significant negative correlation (p <0.01) between fruit diameter with relative water content and also between leaf dry weight with fruit specific gravity and fruit length: diameter ratio can show the effect of treatments in allocation of photosynthetic substances in plant different organs.
Conclusions: The circumstance of plant elaborate sap allocation between vegetative and reproductive organs has various effects on growth of different plant organs and quality of crop (as one of the components of plant fertility) and the increase or decrease of the sensitivity to disease (1). Distribution of photosynthetic substances is influenced by the environmental factors as well as condition of plant nutrition (20). Regarding the capability of green vegetative organs in producing photosynthetic substances and their roles in relation to reproductive organs, it is evident that the fruit growth will be more in the treatments having more vegetative indexes too. For example, the conformity the most amount of leaf area with the most length: diameter ratio of fruit in salicylic acid (0.1 g: 1000 ml) and chelated magnesium sulfate (0.7 g: 1000 ml) narrates the direct relation between some vegetative indexes with reproductive indexes that confirms similar data. Lastly, the results of this research showed that the treatment combinations of salicylic acid and chelated magnesium sulfate created changes in allocation of photo- assimilates by affecting the plant metabolism, having positive effects in increasing the growth indexes of pears and finally increasing economical yield of this crop.
