بررسي تطبيقي غنا و خوانندگي در فقه اسلامي با رويكردي بر نظر امام خميني(س)

A Comparative Study of Singing in Islamic Jurisprudence with an Approach based on Imam Khomeiniייs Views

مسيله «غنا و خوانندگي» با توجه بهاجمال نصوص وارده، محل بحث و نظر ديدگاههاي م تلف فقه مذاهب اسلامي است؛ برخي مقوم تعاريف خود در خصوص غنا را بر اركاني چون طرب، لهو و تناسب با مجالس معصيت معرفي نموده و برخي تعاريف را شرح لفظي دانسته و مرجع تشخيص را به عرف واگذار نمودهاند. بديهي است با توجه به تشويش در مفهوم غنا، احكام مربوطه نيز مختلف باشند؛ دراينبين امام خميني نيز در سالهاي قبل از انقلاب، در متون ارزشمند فقهي خويش، اولين ركن در تعريف غنا را صداي انساني ميدانند كه فيالجمله داراي رقت و زيبايي ذاتي بوده و قابليت ايجاد طرب براي نوع مردم را دارا باشد و بر اين اساس حرمت غنا را ذاتي برشمرده و موارد استثنا را متوقف بر دليل دانستهاند؛ اما پس از انقلاب با توجه به ابداع تيوري زمان و مكان و اعتقاد ويژه ايشان به تبدل موضوعي احكام، بهعنوان فقيهي نوانديش و عقلگرا موضوعيت فقهي غنا را به دليل تحول كاركرد كه در زمان نزول وحي تنها كاربردي لهوي داشت و موجب غفلت از ياد خدا بود؛ در رساله استفتايات خويش مورد تجديدنظر فقهي قرار داده و مرجع تشخيص در خصوص مطرب بودن غنا را به عرف واگذار نمودهاند. اين نوشتار ضمن بررسي آراي مختلف فقهي اعم از اماميه و اهل سنت، ادله موافقان و مخالفان و موارد استثنا بر حكم فقهي حرمت غنا و برخي فروعات را مورد تدقيق نظر قرار داده و با توجه به مجمل بودن تعاريف غنا در نصوص شرعي و تحول كاركردي در موضوعيت فقهي آن، عرف را سزاوارترين ميزان در تعيين حكم فقهي غنا ميداند.

Given the obscurity of the texts at hand on definition of the word "singing", it is the subject of heated discussions and expert-level opinions presented in various branches of jurisprudence in Islamic sects. Some appraisers have constituted their views on singing based on such key concepts as joyful music, music for material pleasure, and its harmony with the sinful gatherings. Some definitions have been regarded as mere explanations that must be discerned by the commonsense. It is clear that with respect to the obscurity in the concept of singing, the rules on signing will be diversified accordingly. To that end, Imam Khomeini in his valuable juridical texts written during the years before the victory of Islamic Revolution has argued that human voice is the first criterion in defining the act of singing. He argues that human voice with inherent tenderness and beauty that is capable of arousing material pleasure for different types of people, will be an instance of the inherent prohibition of singing, otherwise exceptions shall be based on valid reasons. However, after the victory of Islamic Revolution and upon the innovation of the theory of time and place and his strong belief in the subjective transformability of rules, Imam Khomeini – as an avant-garde and rational jurist - has reviewed his juridical rule on jurisprudential subjectivity of singing due to the change in its function and delegated the authority of discernment of the validity of singing to commonsense. It should be noted that at the time of Revelation, singing was only for material pleasure and a means of ignoring the memory of God. This paper reviews various juridical opinions from Shia and Sunni jurists on singing, analyzes the reasons and evidences for and against it, scrutinizes exceptions to the juridical rule on prohibition of singing and some of its branches, and concludes that commonsense is the most fitting criterion in determining the juridical rule on singing because of the obscurity of the definitions on singing in religious texts and the functional change in the juridical subjectivity of the word.