كليدواژه :
تنوع اقليمي , فيزيولوژيك , سرمايشي و گرمايشي , دماي پايه
چكيده فارسي :
دما به‌عنوان يكي از مؤلفه‌هاي تأثيرگذار بر عرضه و تقاضاي انرژي است؛ بنابراين تعيين يك دماي پايۀ مناسب به منظور محاسبۀ تقاضاي انرژي سرمايشي و گرمايشي سكونتگاه‌ها مي‌تواند در مديريت انرژي نقش قابل‌توجهي ايفا كند. بنابراين اين تحقيق در نظر دارد دماي پايۀ ده ايستگاه كشور را كه معرف شرايط متنوع آب‌و‌هوايي و جغرافيايي ايران هستند، با استفاده از شاخص‌هاي آسايش گرمايي (Cooling power index(CPI)، Temperature-Humidity index (THI وPredicted Mean Vote (PMV مورد بازنگري قرار دهد. مؤلفه‌هاي اقليمي استفاده‌شده در اين پژوهش در مقياس روزانه شامل دماي متوسط، رطوبت نسبي، سرعت باد و ابرناكي براي دورۀ آماري 1960 تا 2010 هستند. نتايج توزيع فراواني رخدادهاي زيست اقليمي ايستگاه‌ها براي دو شاخص THI و CPI نشان مي‌دهد كه تمركز غالب فراواني‌ها متعلق به طبقات گرم تا داغ بوده ولي براي شاخص PMV تمركز رخدادها منحصراً براي اين آستانه‌ها نيست. يافته‌ها نشان داد كه بر اساس شاخص‌هاي CPI، THI و PMV به ترتيب شيراز با 33/6 درصد، همدان با 26/6 درصد و بندرعباس با 15/2درصد، بيشينۀ فراواني طبقۀ آسايش اقليمي را تجربه كرده‌اند. در ادامه به‌طور جداگانه با استفاده از هركدام از شاخص‌هاي مختلف زيست اقليمي و به‌كارگيري روش صدك‌ها، آستانه‌هاي دماي پايۀ آسايش از محدودۀ طبقۀ آسايش اقليمي استخراج شد. از جمله ضعف هر روش پهناي زياد دامنۀ آسايش، دوربودن از مقادير استاندارد مرسوم يا منطبق نبودن با شرايط آب‌و‌هوايي به‌عنوان ايرادهاي آن‌ها تشخيص داده شد كه بيشينۀ ضعف به شاخص بيكر اختصاص يافت. بنابراين با تركيب همۀ شاخص‌ها، ضعف‌هاي فوق، برطرف و مقادير دماي پايۀ آسايش جديد و مطلوبي با توجه به وضعيت و الگوي بيوكليمايي هر ايستگاه ارائه شد.
چكيده لاتين :
One of the today`s world issues is saving energy that is not renewable and the use of natural energy not only can make the living environment a comfortable atmosphere but it also greatly reduces the energy consumption. Determining the extent of thermal comfort and the perfect base and in other words, the perfect base temperature to calculate the energy demand for cooling and heating can have a crucial role in energy saving, sustainable development and land use planning. In this paper, it was assumed that the base comfort temperature for each area similar to other climatology phenomena are affected by climatology patterns and behaviors of that area by sticking to a global standard temperature cannot justify regional and station conditions. The crucial point in this study is not only determining bioclimatic climatic comfort but also comfort temperature threshold was modified. In other words, the methodology of this work is such that it does not only search to identify base temperature outside the comfort zone, but in this zone base temperature values have been modified according to the regional climate patterns. In this study, a temperature was introduced as the base temperatures that have played roles in interacting and being influenced by other climatic factors affecting thermal comfort. The main goal of this study is to review and modify the proper base temperature for calculating heating and cooling energies. To determine the new temperature thresholds for providing climate comfort conditions 3 thermal comfort indices of Biker, THI and a temperature-physiological index entitled Predicted Mean Vote have been used. Each of these indicators is presented below. But it should be noted that all climatic data used in the study are daily data from 1960 to 2010 that include wind speed, daily temperature, relative humidity and cloudiness. It must be noted that reconstruction of missing data was performed by linear regression and the results were confirmed after validation of reconstructed data. The monitoring data are being random and their homogeneity were investigated by using run-test and drawing histograms. Importantly, since Iran has different climatic diversity, 10 stations representing different climatic conditions were selected and analyzed. The method of this study to determine and review base temperature that was based on the principle that according to each of the heat and physiological-temperature indices, after gaining the output of each of these models, days in comfort zones were determined. Then separately for each bioclimatic index, the temperatures of days in comfort zone were selected. But despite that all these screened thermal temperatures are in the comfort zone, the methodology was not based on this principle that from the range of extracted thermal temperatures, the minimum and maximum temperatures are introduced as base temperature for calculating HDD and CDD respectively. In the next step, for calibrating this temperature range, percentile method was used. In the following, using various bioclimatic indicators, base temperature values were modeled to calculate HDD and CDD. The main weakness of Biker index was in determining the band and the wide width of thermal comfort range that apart from the base temperature values, it has shown a significant difference compared to the existing standards. About the THI index, although the range of comfort zone reduces comparing to CPI but the long distance of comfort range of Tehran and Babolsar from the existing standards have been identified as the weaknesses of this index. Considering PMV index, it is noteworthy that the range of thermal comfort had little sway compared to the CPI. And it had greater overlap with THI method. One of its strengths is modeling of Tehran`s base temperature which is close to the existing standards. But the weaknesses of this modeling is in determining the base temperature for calculating HDD specifically for 80P and Ahvaz , Babolsar, Rasht, Mashhad. As it was seen, any of the bioclimatic indicators had weaknesses and strengths in modeling of base temperature. This study tried to eliminate these weaknesses by combining the results of all three indicators. The results of combined indices showed that not only the range of fluctuations and on the other hand the values of modeled base temperature are consistent with traditional standards of 18 to 22 or 18 to 24, but also the derived values of this modeling have been able to apply the impact of weather condition of each area in this modeling and provide more realistic results.
