مورد عقد نكاح و آثار مترتب بر آن در فقه مذاهب اسلامي

The Subject of Marriage Contract and Its Effects in Jurisprudence of Islamic Denominations

معقودعليه يا محل عقد نكاح از جمله مباحث مهم نكاح است و با اين وجود، فقها ذيل عنوان مستقلي به آن نپرداخته­‌اند. اين موضوع، غالباً در لابه­‌لاي مباحثي چون احكام مهر، قَسم و نشوز و نزديكي با همسر، بحث شده است. در باب معقودعليه در عقد نكاح، پنج ديدگاه وجود دارد: اكثر حنفيه و گروهي از حنابله و اماميه، معقودعليه را منافع بُضع زن مي­‌دانند؛ اكثر حنابله و عده‌­اي از شافعيه معتقدند كه محل عقد، حليت استمتاع است؛ برخي از فقهاي حنفيه و گروهي از مالكيه و شافعيه در قول صحيح خويش، معقودعليه را زوجه دانسته‌­اند؛ اكثر مالكيه و شافعيه در قول مرجوح خود بر اين باورند كه زوجين، محل عقد نكاح هستند و بالاخره آنكه جمهور مفسران، معقودعليه در نكاح را مجموعه‌­اي از بدن زن، منفعت بُضع و حليّت استمتاع دانسته­‌اند. هريك از گروه­هاي پنج­‌گانه فوق، به ادله عقلي و نقلي براي اثبات صحت قول خويش، استناد كرده‌­اند. ارزيابي اقوال و ادله فوق، نشان مي‌­دهد كه قول به معقودعليه بودنِ «حليت استمتاع» از اتقان بيشتري برخوردار است؛ زيرا اولاً استمتاع، حق دوجانبه زوجين است؛ چه اگر زن در استمتاع، صاحب حق نبود كسب اذن از زوجه براي عزل، لازم نمي­‌بود و ثانياً پذيرش ديدگاههاي ديگر، آثاري به­‌دنبال دارد كه غالباً نه با روح شريعت موافق است و نه زمينه شكل­‌گيري خانواده مدنظر شريعت اسلامي را فراهم مي­‌كند. پذيرش اين ديدگاه، مستلزم وجود حق فسخ براي زوج در صورت معيوب بودن زوجه، جواز درخواست اجرت از سوي زوجه در قبال انجام كارهاي منزل يا شير دادن به بچه است.

Determination of the subject of marriage contract is one of most important discussions in juristic prescriptions for marriage in Islamic law. However, Islamic jurists and scholars did not mention it as an independent title in law and jurisprudence. These issues are often discussed under some other decrees like Marriage Portion, Oath, Wife’s Disobedience and Spouses’ Marital Relations. There are five juristic comments about the subject of marriage contract: The majority of Hanafi jurists and a group of Hanbalis and Shi‘as consider Taking Advantage of Woman’s Body as the subject of marriage contract. The majority of Hanbalis and Shafi‘is believe that the subject is The Permissibility of Enjoyment from each other for each one of the spouses. Some of Hanafi jurists and a group of Malikis and Shafi‘is had named the wife herself as the subject of the contract; And majority of them believe that both husband and wife should be considered as the subject of marriage contract. Finally, the majority of jurists and interpreters consider Taking Advantage of Woman’s Body, The Woman’s Body, and The Permissibility of Enjoyment as the subject of marriage contract. Each one of the mention five groups of scholars have invoked to some logical and juridical reasons for their rune. After a logical and scientific evaluation of all of these reasons, we can say: “the prescription that has mentioned the “Permissibility of Enjoyment” for both husband and wife as the “subject of marriage contract” is nearer to fact. Because, firstly the enjoyment is mutual right for spouses and if the wife had no right for enjoyment, it would not be necessary for men to ask for permission for ‘Azl (having an imperfect sexual course). Secondly, acceptance of other viewpoints can have some effects which are not often matched with Islamic law and even they will not provide the basis for an Islamic safe family. From the other side, acceptance of this view requires two important rights for each one of the spouses. The husband has the right for cancellation of the marriage contract in cases in which the wife has some basic problems. On the other hand, the wife can request her wage for house works or breastfeeding a baby.