بازشناسي الگوي طراحي خانه هاي تاريخي شيراز در دوره ي قاجاريه با رويكرد اقليمي

Reconstructing the Designs Pattern of Shiraz Historical Houses Approaching Climate in the Qajar Period

خانه هاي مسكوني دوره ي قاجاريه ي شيراز، در پلان، چيدمان فضايي و ويژگي هاي معماري، داراي اصول و تناسبات عددي مشتركي هستند كه برخي از اين اصول در كنار نقش عملكردي، ارتباط تنگاتنگي با شرايط اقليمي منطقه دارد. پژوهش حاضر درپي شناخت ميزان نقش اقليم در الگوي طراحي خانه هاي شيراز در عصر قاجار است؛ كه به منظور دستيابي به اين هدف، به بررسي الگوهاي ساختاري، تناسبات و نحوه ي ارتباطات فضايي آن ها با يكديگر و چگونگي ارتباط آن ها با مسايل اقليمي مي پردازد. لذا با بررسي ميداني و كتابخانه اي به تجزيه و تحليل پلان هاي معماري و اجزاء سازنده از قبيل: اتاق ها، حياط ها، حوض و باغچه ي 13 خانه، به طور خاص از كل محلات بافت تاريخي شيراز و 30 نمونه از محله ي تاريخي سرباغ از لحاظ ارتباطات فضايي، عددي و اقليمي پرداخته شده است. نتايج حاصل از اين تحقيق نشان مي دهند: 1) در خانه هاي دوره ي قاجار شيراز با تناسبات فضايي تا حدي متفاوت با قبل، همانند تبديل فرم چليپايي تالار به مستطيل و قرارگيري ايوان ستون دار (فضاهاي نيمه باز) با كشيدگي در جهت بدنه ي حياط در جلو تالار به جاي اُرسي به منظور ايجاد فضاي دسترسي به تالار و تامين تهويه طبيعي مواجه هستيم؛ 2) تناسبات طول به عرض حياط و تالارها در حدود 1/4-1/2 است كه نشان از اهميت اصول حسابي در مقابل هندسي به دليل نقش عملكردي و اقليمي در طراحي پلان دارد، نيز نورگيري از طول اتاق انجام مي شود؛ 3) مكان گزيني فضاهاي اصلي براساس محورهاي حركتي و بصري استوار بوده و نقش ديد نسبت به نور در اولويت بوده است؛ 4) نقش عملكردي فضاها نسبت به تاثير اقليم در مكان گزيني آن ها در اولويت بوده است؛ 5) هماهنگي فضاها و عناصر معماري نظير: حياط، تالارها، اتاق ها، درختان و مصالح با شرايط اقليمي منطقه منجر به جهت گيري مناسب جنوب غربي ساختمان، كاشت درختان توده اي نارنج، استقرار شرقي-غربي حوض در حياط، پنجره هاي عمودي بزرگ با تابشبند و چيدمان مركزي فضاها شده است.

Qajar era houses of Shiraz in plan، spatial layout and architectural features are common with the principles and numerical proportions which some of the principles have associated relation with climatic conditions of the region. The present study sought to know the Compatible Archi-tectural characteristics with Climate in Qajar era houses of Shiraz/Iran، to achieve this purpose the structural patterns، Proportions and the manner of spatial relationships with each other and how their relation to the climate issues of paid. So، with the fieldwork and document review we analyzed Houses plans and architectural components such as: rooms، courtyards، pool and gar-den in particular from 13 houses of the Shiraz historical context and 30 houses samples from the historic Sar-bagh district. The results of this study show that: 1) Qajar era houses of Shiraz have different spatial proportions with the past era، we also face in conversion of cruciform hall to rectangular form and placement of hypostyle Ivan in front of hall rather than sash window.2) The proportions of length to width of the yard and halls around 1.4-1.2 which Iranian golden ratio is 1.73 that is why the account of the functional role of climate versus geometric design plans، the skylight of the length of the room.3) select location of the main areas according to the visual and motion axes were on the central part of the houses.4) The effect of climate on location، functional spaces than it has been in the priority.5) Coordination spaces and architec-tural elements such as: courtyards، halls، rooms، trees and materials with climatic conditions of the region conducive to suitable building orientation، mass planting of trees، the pond in the yard، large windows and layout of spaces is Tabeshband (vertical and horizontal curtains be-tween the door). The Halls has a breadth of vision first، and then right-most exposure، which shows the importance of visual and motor axis is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis de-sign that houses the hall in the summer on the homestead، despite Share in cities with climates similar such as Yazd، Kashan، Isfahan and Dezful and gets، the story of this principle.The course was created to form introverted architecture and most of the houses in the central court-yard on three sides، and sometimes to the southwest - northeast to have been enjoying the fa-vorable winds of. There are multiple large windows adjacent to Tabeshband to accelerate the air conditioning، the placement of the main areas to the north and south، compact texture for shading، use of adobe and brick in walls hay thick thatch، wood and straw in the guise of two hollow shell beds، planting broadleaf trees ghosting، fruit and orange pile in the yard and a pond in front of the main hall، one of the most important factors in harmony with the principles of the climatic conditions of the region in the design of residential architecture of this period. Making porch columns with a ratio of 10% of the house with a yard in front of the Hall strain in the body instead of the sash، which generally have a communicative function and natural venti-lation، designers and residents shows more interest in space closed with 56% to 36% of total space allocated along the corridors and courtyard house with aspect ratio of nearly 1.2 square form، showing the importance of climate and its functional role in the home. Width ratio of 1.4 are in average in the halls، the importance of arithmetic to geometric proportions to retain heat in the winter and provide shade more settled and Tabstan Neshyn and exposure of the room، fit 2-2.2 in the East Chand dary Another noteworthy West. Undoubtedly، access to all aspects and details of architecture، construction and decoration of the houses require additional studies and research، by the same token، it is recommended that future research on this topic on issues such as the application of natural light house، concepts and reasons for ordering the colors associated with human issues، aesthetic، health and decorating the space in the shade and coolness، close examination rooms and the proportions of length and width of the yard and compared it with Iranian golden ratio is considered a master Pirnia focus.