تاثير كاربرد برخي كود هاي آلي و شيميايي بر صفات مورفولوژيكي و بيوشيميايي گياه دارويي شنبليله (.Trigonella foenum- graecum L)

Effect of Some Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Morphological and Biochemical Factors of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

به منظور بررسي تاثير كاربرد كودهاي آلي و شيميايي بر خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و بيوشيميايي گياه دارويي شنبليله، آزمايشي در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي با چهار تيمار؛ كاربرد عصاره جلبك دريايي (محلول پاشي با غلظت يك ميلي گرم در ليتر)، هيوميك اسيد (محلول در آب آبياري با غلظت 500 ميلي گرم در ليتر) ، كود شيميايي پرمصرف (نيتروژن، فسفر و پتاس به ترتيب به مقدار0/08 ، 0/06 و 0/1 گرم در كيلوگرم خاك گلدان) و شاهد (بدون استفاده از كود) و 7 تكرار در گلخانه تحقيقاتي دانشگاه بين المللي امام خميني (ره) در سال 1395 انجام گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه بالاترين ارتفاع بوته (24/93 سانتي متر)، بيشترين وزن تر بوته (14/66 گرم)، بيشترين وزن خشك بوته (9/73 گرم)، بيشترين تعداد نيام در بوته (12/12 عدد) و بالاترين وزن هزار دانه (10/22 گرم)، در حضور كاربرد عصاره جلبك حاصل گرديد. در رابطه با صفت تعداد بذر در نيام، تيمارهاي عصاره جلبك، هيوميك اسيد و كود شيميايي به لحاظ آماري در يك سطح قرار گرفته و تفاوت معني داري بين آن ها مشاهده نشد. هم چنين تيمار عصاره جلبك، بيشترين مقدار كلروفيل كل (1/98 ميلي گرم در گرم برگ تازه)، بالاترين مقدار كلروفيل هاي a و b (به ترتيب 1/3 و 0/68 ميلي گرم در گرم برگ تازه)، بيشترين مقدار اسكوربيك اسيد (0/4 ميلي گرم در 100 گرم برگ تازه)، بالاترين مقدار كارتنوئيد (0/27 ميلي گرم در گرم برگ تازه) و بيشترين درصد اسانس (0/97 درصد) را باعث گرديد. به لحاظ آماري تفاوت معني داري بين درصد اسانس تحت تاثير رژيم هاي كودي مختلف ديده نشد و هر سه كود عصاره جلبك، هيوميك اسيد و كود شيميايي سبب افزايش مقدار اسانس در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد شدند. مصرف هيوميك اسيد نيز تاثير معني داري بر افزايش كلروفيل a و اسيد اسكوربيك نشان داد.

Background and Objectives: Any improvement in agricultural system that results in higher production should reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture and enhance the sustainability of the system. Seaweed extracts (SWE) are known to cause many beneficial effects on plants as they contain growth promoting hormones، trace elements، vitamins and amino acids. Humic acid plays a vital role in soil fertility and its application increases the plant growth and nutrient uptake. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of SWE، humic acid and chemical fertilizers on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Material and methods: The experiment was carried out in 2016 at the Agricultural Research Greenhouse at Imam Khomeini International University، Qazvin، Iran. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with four treatments including: SWE، humic acid، chemical fertilizers and control and 7 replications. The pots were filled with 5kg of farm soil، which was evenly mixed with recommended level of chemical fertilizers (N; 0.08، P; 0.06 and K; 0.1 g/kg soil) for chemical fertilizer treatment. Seeds were sown at a depth of 1.5 cm in each pot. Seedlings were thinned to five plants per pot 10 days after emergence. In 4 leaves، appearance stage، SWE and humic acid treatments were applied as a foliar spray every 14 days، for three times before harvesting. Growth parameters were measured in correct time. The biochemical constituent pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids and also total ascorbic acid in leaf were estimated in control and treated plants using standard methods. Dried seeds of Fenugreekwere subjected to hydro distillation for 3h using a Clevenger-type apparatus to produce oil and essential oil percentage was measured. Results: In relation to the mean comparisons، the maximum shoot length and the highest number of pods per plant was obtained in plants receiving SWE and NPK. Maximum plant fresh and dry weights were observed in plants received SWE. All fertilizer treatments increased the number of seeds per pod but there were no significant differences between the treatments. The highest chlorophyll b، total chlorophyll contents، total carotenoids، ascorbic aicd and essential oil percent were obtained in plants that received SWE. Discussion: Foliar application of seaweed extract fertilizer on fenugreek plants significantly increased all the examined growth parameters of the plants compared to the control. These results agree with previous studies where growth and plant vigor of dill، coriander and fenugreek plants were enhanced by seaweed extracted treatment. Seaweed extracts create equilibrium in growth as a result of the present auxins which will increase vitamins and hormones produced in the treated plants. Results showed that treatments had a significant effect on total chlorophyll، chlorophyll 'a' and 'b'، total carotenoids and essential oil content of fenugreek. Seaweed extracts contain cytokinins as well which induce the physiological activities and increase the total chlorophyll، carotenoids and ascorbic acid in the plant.