بررسي كودهاي آلي، شيميايي، زيستي بر نياز حرارتي، مراحل نموي و برخي شاخصهاي فيزيولوژيك گياه دارويي چاي ترش (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) تحت تاثير سطوح مختلف آب آبياري

The Study of Organic, Chemicaland Biological Fertilizers on Thermal Requirements, Developmental Stages and some of Physiological Indices of Roselle (Hibiscussabdariffa L.) by Irrigation Levels

این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی كودهای آلی، شیمیایی، زیستی بر نیاز حرارتی، مراحل نموی و برخی شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیك گیاه دارویی چای ترش تحت تاثیر سطوح مختلف آب آبیاری، در سال زراعی 93-1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه جیرفت، به صورت كرت‌های خرد شده نواری در قالب طرح بلوك‌های كامل تصادفی با سه تكرار انجام شد. سطوح آب آبیاری در سه سطح 60 ، 80 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به‌عنوان عامل كرت‌های افقی و منبع تغذیه‌ا‌ی گیاه در 5 سطح (كود زیستی مایكوریزا، ورمی‌كمپوست، كود گاوی، كود شیمیایی (نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم) و تیمار شاهد) به‌عنوان عامل كرت‌های عمودی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد كه درجه روز رشد سطوح مختلف آبیاری و منابع مختلف تغذیه‌ای، بسیار مشابه بود، این‌طور به‌نظر می‌رسد آغاز گل‌دهی گیاه چای ترش بیشتر تحت تأثیر فتوپریودیسم بوده و میزان آب قابل دسترس گیاه و تغذیه‌ی آن تأثیر بسیار اندكی داشته است. همچنین اثر سطوح مختلف آب آبیاری و منابع مختلف تغذیه‌ای بر شاخص سطح برگ و تجمع ماده خشك معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین شاخص دوام سطح برگ در سطح آبیاری 100 و 80 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه و منبع تغذیه‌ای كود گاوی و ورمی‌كمپوست مشاهده شد. بیشترین عملكرد كاسبرگ خشك (1217 كیلوگرم در هكتار) در سطح 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه و منبع تغذیه‌ای كود گاوی و كمترین آن در تیمار شاهد در سطح 60 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (493 كیلوگرم در هكتار) به‌دست آمد. با توجه به شرایط خاكی و اقلیم منطقه مورد مطالعه، استفاده از تیمارهای كود گاوی یا ورمی‌كمپوست در كنار میزان آبیاری 80 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به‌منظور رشد گیاه چای ترش مناسب به نظر می‌رسد.

Introduction: Roselle (Hibiscus sabdarjffaL.) is an annual or biennial plant cultivated in arid and semiarid regions. This plant is grown in parts of Africa, Asia, America and Australia. This plant is ecologically short day, self-pollinated and sensitive to cold and freezing stress. Studies conducted on the medicinal plants in natural ecosystems suggested that using sustainable agriculture system provides the best conditions for the production of these plants, leading to maximum qualitative and quantitative yield in such conditions. In order to analyze the growth indices, leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) is required. Other indices were calculated from LAI and TDM. Considering the importance ofuses andresistant to droughtstress of roselle, this plant cultivate in provinces of Kerman and Fars recently. In order to evaluate the effect of organic, chemical and biological fertilizers on thermal requirements, developmental stages and some of physiological indices of roselle by irrigation levels, was conducted in Jiroft area. Materials and Methods: In orderto evaluate the effect of organic, chemical and biological fertilizers on thermal requirements, developmental stages and some of physiological indices of roselle by irrigation levels, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm Jiroft of Universityin2013-2014 growing season. Theexperiment was conducted as strip plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three irrigation regimes (100%, 80% and 60% of crop waterrequirement) were assigned ashorizontal factor and four fertilizer resources (mycorrhiza, vermicompost, cow manure and chemical fertilizer (NPK)) were allocated as vertical factor. Plant water requirement was calculated by using salinity parameters (sensitivity coefficient, salinity threshold and gradient of yield reduction), plant characteristics (height and the maximum depth of root), vegetation coefficients (first, middle and end of growth season), characteristics and duration of growth period with AGWAT software. Then, treatments of 80% and 60% of plant water requirements were determined and irrigation water per irrigation period was recorded by the water meter. As drip irrigation system with 0.001 Sq. M. were independently used for each treatment.Traits such as LAI, TDM, LAD, CGR and RGR indices and dry sepal yield were measured. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.3 software. When F test indicated statistical significance at P < 0.01 or P < 0.05, the least significant difference (LSD) was used to separate the means.Figure drawing was done with Excel andSigmaplot Ver. 12.5 . Results and Discussion: The results indicated that roselle is short-day plant and its flowering is stimulated by nearing the short days. Fertilizer resources and irrigation water levels had not significant effect on flowering of plant. Also fertilizer resources and irrigation water levels had significant effect on LAI and TDM. The highest LAD value was found in the cow manure and vermicompost treatments. The highest CGR value was obtained from 100%, 80% and 60% respectively. Growth reduction between irrigation levels 100% and 80% was not significant. Slope decline between irrigation levels (i.e., 100% and 80%) was similar. Slope decline in control and mycorrhizal morethan vermicompost, cow manure and chemical fertilizer. Similar results also reported by Gendy et al., (2012) and Samiran et al., (2010). The results showed that the interaction of Fertilizer resource and levels irrigations on the sepal yield was significant. Sepal yield at all three levels of irrigation showed increase in the plants treated with cow manure, vermicompost and chemical compared with mycorrhizal and control treatment. The highest sepal yield (1217 kg.ha-1) was obtainedfrom100% crop water requirement cow manure treatment and the lowest sepal yield (493 kg.ha-1) was obtained at 60% crop water requirement control treatments. Conclusion: It seems that among the different fertilizer resources, cow manure and vermicompost have a greater impact on soil water holding compared to other sources of fertilizers (mycorrhiza and chemical fertilizer) by increasing soil organic matter. The results of Growth indices analysis, growth degree days and phenology assessment indicated that the most leaf area index and dry matter was observed at flowering stage and the beginning of flowering rosellewas under the influence of photoperiod. Due to soil and climatic conditions of the study area, using cow manure or vermicompost with 80% of the irrigation water requirement, roselle plant seems appropriate.