بررسي اثر ورمي كمپوست، كودهاي زيستي و نيتروژن بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي مريم گلي (.Salvia officinalis L) تحت شرايط مختلف رطوبتي

Yield and Yield Components of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as Affected by Micronutrient Application and Vermicompost in Two Kerman and Bardsir Regions

مريم گلي (.Salvia officinalis L) يك گياه دارويي متداول است كه به طور گسترده اي در صنايع غذايي و داروسازي مورد استفاده قرار مي-گيرد. به منظور بررسي تاثير ورمي كمپوست،كودهاي زيستي و نيتروژن بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي مريم گلي تحت شرايط مختلف رطوبتي، آزمايشي به-صورت اسپليت پلات در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با 15 تيمار و سه تكرار در دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه تربيت مدرس در سال هاي 92-1391 و 93-1392 انجام گرديد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل آبياري (I) در سه سطح: آبياري پس از مصرف 40 درصد رطوبت قابل استفاده در عمق توسعه ريشه (I1) آبياري پس از مصرف 60 درصد رطوبت قابل استفاده در عمق توسعه ريشه (I2) آبياري پس از مصرف 80 درصد رطوبت قابل استفاده در عمق توسعه ريشه (I3) و حاصلخيزكننده هاي خاك در پنج سطح: عدم مصرف كود (F0)، كود شيميايي اوره (150 كيلوگرم در هكتار) (Ur)، باكتري هاي آزادزي تثبيت كننده نيتروژن (NFB)، ورمي كمپوست (V)، ورمي كمپوست + باكتري هاي آزادزي تثبيت كننده نيتروژن (V+NFB) بودند كه به ترتيب در كرت هاي اصلي و فرعي قرار داده شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه گياهان تحت تيمار بدون تنش (I1) و ورمي كمپوست + باكتري (V+NFB) ارتفاع، قطر كانوپي، سطح برگ و عملكرد خشك بيشتري در هر سه برداشت برخوردار بودند. همچنين بيشترين مقدار اسانس و تركيبات اسانس در هر سه برداشت در تنش متوسط و ورمي كمپوست+باكتري به دست آمد. در بين زمان هاي برداشت بيشترين ارتفاع (84/28 سانتي متر)، قطر كانوپي (58/29 سانتي متر)، سطح برگ (77/1) و عملكرد خشك (964/2 تن در هكنار) در برداشت سوم مشاهده شد. بيشترين مقدار اسانس(90/1 درصد) در برداشت دوم و آلفا توجون (73/32 درصد)، 1و8 سينئول (91/10 درصد) و كامفور (47/23 درصد) در برداشت سوم به دست آمد. به طور كلي، نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه مصرف ورمي كمپوست + باكتري سبب بهبود خصوصيات رشدي، مقدار اسانس و كيفيت اسانس شد. از طرفي بالاترين مقادير خصوصيات رشدي در تيمار بدون تنش و بيشترين مقادير اسانس و تركيبات اسانس در تنش متوسط به دست آمد.

Sage is a popular medicinal plant which is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Vermicompost are a rich source of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, enzymes and plant growth promoter hormones. Therefore, the use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture, in addition to increasing population and activity of beneficial soil microorganisms, causes the rapid growth of medicinal plants. The uses of bacteria (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas) as a biofertilizer have causes increasing the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and improving the growth of several crops. Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect the growth and yield of plants. Management of nutrients in plants, especially during drought conditions and to assess this management on quantity and quality of sage medicinal plant is very important. Limited information are available about the response of sage under water deficiency conditions in different fertilizing systems, so the aim of this research was to study the growth, yield and essential oil production of Sage under different irrigation regimes. Material and Methods Field experiments were carried out at the field research station of Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran, Iran during two growing seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013). The experiment was laid out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three irrigation levels including irrigation after depletion of 40% available water (I1), irrigation after depletion of 60% available water (I2), irrigation after depletion of 80% available water (I3) as the main plots and five different soil fertility systems including control (no fertilizer) (F0), chemical fertilizer (urea=150 kg/ha-1) (Ur), nitrogen fixing bacteria(Azotobacter+Azospirillum+Pseudomonas) (NFB), vermicompost (8 t/ha-1) (V) vermicompost + nitrogen fixing bacteria (V+NFB) as sub plots were allocated. A TDR probe (Time-Domain Reflectometry, Model TRIME-FM, England) was applied to measure soil water content. Essential oil extraction was subjected to conventional hydro distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus in accordance. Essential oil analysis was performed using a TRACE GC (ThermoQuest-Finnigan) equipped with a DB-5 fused silica column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness). GC–MS analyses were carried out on a TRACE MS (ThermoQuest- Finnigan). Results and Discussion The highest plant height, canopy diameter, leaf area and dry matter yield were obtained at no stress and V+NFB in all three harvests. Also, the maximum essential oil content and essential oil compounds were obtained at moderate stress and V+NFB in all three harvests. Among the three times harvest, the highest plant height (28.84 cm), canopy diameter (29.58 cm), leaf area (1.77 m.m-2) and dry matter yield (296 g. m-2) were observed at third harvest time. The maximum essential oil content (1.90%) was obtained at second harvest time and the highest α-thujone (32.73%), 1, 8- cineol (10.91%) and camphor (32.47%) were observed at third harvest time. Reduction in the morphological characteristics and dry matter by increasing drought stress could be the result of a preferential allocation of biomass production to the roots or a reduction in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis efficiency.Positive and synergistic effects between vermicompost and bacteria can increase bacterial activity in the soil and rhizosphere through mechanisms such as production of growth hormone which increased root growth. Increasing in essential oil concentration under water stress could be due to the fact that plants produce high terpene concentrations under water stress conditions and low allocation of carbon to the growth, therefore can be a trade-off between growth and defense. Vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria by providing more uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen increase the essential oil content. Conclusion The results showed that drought stress reduced the growth characteristics (height, canopy diameter and leaf area), and the highest amounts of essential oil content and quality were observed in moderate stress. In addition, vermicompost + nitrogen fixing bacteria treatment was the best fertilizer combination among all treatments in increasing the growth characteristics, dry matter yield, and essential oil quantity and quality.