ارزيابي اثرات محيط زيستي توليد زيتون (.Olea europaea L) با استفاده از ارزيابي چرخه حيات: مطالعه موردي شهرستان طارم، استان زنجان

Environmental Impact Assessment of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Production using Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study, Tarom County, Zanjan Province

توسعه كشاورزي رايج در ايران، اثرات زيان باري روي محيط زيست و منابع طبيعي وارد كرده است. زيتون يكي از محصولاتي است كه در سال هاي اخير، كشت آن با سرعت زيادي در ايران توسعه يافته است. اين در حالي است كه در مورد عواقب و اثرات محيط زيستي توليد زيتون (Olea europaea L) مطالعه اي صورت نگرفته است. به همين منظور در اين پژوهش، اثرات محيط زيستي توليد زيتون در شهرستان طارم واقع در استان زنجان در سال 93-1392 بررسي شد. در اين مطالعه از روش ارزيابي چرخه حيات براي تعيين نقاط داغ چرخه حيات توليد زيتون استفاده شد. داده هاي ورودي و خروجي توليد زيتون با استفاده از پرسشنامه و اندازه گيري مستقيم جمع آوري شدند و براي اطلاعات مربوط به توليد نهاده ها از پايگاه داده اكواينونت موجود در نرم افزار سيماپرو 7.2 استفاده شد. در اين مطالعه، ارزيابي اثر با استفاده از روش CML 2 baseline 2000 V2.04/ world، 1995/ characterization انجام شد. نتايج نشان داد كه توليد زيتون در شرايط منطقه طارم اثرات محيط زيستي بالايي را ايجاد مي كند به طوري كه توليد زيتون در منطقه طارم در مقايسه با توليد زيتون در مطالعات مشابه، در هفت طبقه اثر (تخليه منابع غيرزنده، اسيدي شدن، پتانسيل گرمايش جهاني، تخريب لايه اوزون، سميت براي اكوسيستم هاي آب شيرين، سميت براي اكوسيستم هاي دريايي و سميت براي اكوسيستم هاي خشكي) حداقل بيش از دو برابر اثر محيط زيستي بالاتري ايجاد مي كرد و فقط در طبقه اثر پرغذايي شدن، اثر محيط زيستي كمتري داشت. تجزيه وتحليل نتايج نشان داد كه توليد كودهاي شيميايي و انتشارات مستقيم از باغ زيتون بيشترين نقش را در توليد آلاينده ها داشتند.

Introduction Horticulture industry consumes a significant part of the energy and materials and release pollutants into the environment. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most cultivated plants in Iran, so the environmental impact assessment of these production systems is important. However, the consequences and environmental impacts of olive production systems have not been studied in Iran. Tarom county is one of the most important olive production centers in Iran. So, this study is performed to evaluate environmental impacts of olive production in Tarom region. Material and Methods In this study, the LCA approach is used to assessment of environmental impacts of olive production. This study was conducted in Tarom county in 2012-2013. The aim of this study was to determine hot spots of olive life cycle and offering appropriate solutions to reduce the related environmental impact in Tarom region. In this research, one ton of Olives was considered as functional unit. System boundary is defined as “from cradle to farm gate”. Primary data were collected through observation, sampling, and questionnaires completing method. The climate and soil data were collected from the "Olive Research Center" located in the Tarom county. Data for the production of used inputs (Secondary data) were taken from the EcoInvent®2.0 database, and SimaPro software was employed to analyze primary data. Impact categories were analyzed based on CML 2 baseline 2000 V2.04/ world, 1995/ characterization and SimaPro 7.2 software. CML 2 baseline 2000. Results and Discussion The obtained data from inventory were used for LCA calculation. These data includes Inputs and outputs of olive production system in Tarom olive systems. The results were concluded through analyzing collected data by using of SimaPro 7.2. The results showed that the production of olive in Tarom region is lead to high environmental impacts. In this regard, production systems of olive in Tarom county create more than two times higher environmental impact in seven impact categories (Abiotic resource depletion, acidification, global warming potential, ozone layer depletion, to freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and toxicity to terrestrial ecotoxicity) and it has fewer environmental impact in eutrophication impact category compared to olive production systems in similar studies. Moreover, data analysis showed that fertilizer production and direct emission have most shares in pollution making of olive production systems. The main reason for this difference was more use of inputs (especially fertilizers and electricity), not using of improved varieties and micronutrient fertilizers, inefficient use of inputs and lack of management in the olive gardens in Tarom region. Therefore, lack of management was due to the low literacy level of olive growers and their knowledge of the appropriate management in the olive garden in Tarom region. Conclusion The results showed that the LCA approach can use to assessment of environmental impacts of olive production in Tarom county. Also, data analysis showed that fertilizer production and direct emission have most shares in pollution making of olive production systems.