بررسي تاريخي و كاركردي وسايل روشنايي شاخص باوهاوس

A Historical and Functional Study of the Significant Lighting Products of the Bauhaus

مدرسه باوهاوس از تاثيرگذارترين مراكز معماري و هنرهاي كاربردي بود كه در دهه هاي آغازين قرن بيستم در آلمان فعاليت نمود.امروزه آثار باوهاوس از جمله توليدات روشنايي آن از نمادهاي طراحي قرن بيستم شناخته مي شوند.اين مقاله با بررسي توليدات روشنايي شاخص باوهاوس، ارزشهاي كاركردي طراحي صنعتي در آنها را تحليل مي نمايد.در اين راستا ابتدا مسائل مرتبط با حيطه روشنايي چون جايگاه نور و روشنايي در باوهاوس، نمونه هاي شاخص اين توليدات در باوهاوس، كاربرد آنها در فضاي داخلي و طراحان آنها مطرح مي گردند. سپس سه ارزش اصلي طراحي صنعتي شامل كاركردهاي عملكردي، زيبايي شناختي و سمبوليك به طور كلي در اين محصولات بررسي شده و ويژگي هاي دقيق تر در چهار نمونه از اين روشناييها ارايه شده است.ويژگي هايي چون تبعيت فرم از عملكرد، استفاده از اشكال پايه و هندسي، رنگهاي اصلي، جنس فلز و شيشه و تاثير از سبكهاي دي استيل و ساختارگرايي در اين محصولات مشخص مي شوند.در ادامه نقشه مفهومي براي هر يك از سه كاركرد اصلي بيان و ترسيم شده است.در اين پژوهش با استفاده از روش تحقيق تاريخي اطلاعات از منابع معتبر تاريخ هنر و طراحي درخصوص توليدات روشنايي كه يك قرن پيش در مدرسه باوهاوس طراحي شده اند، جمع آوري گرديده و به روش تحليلي توصيفي مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است.

The Bauhaus was one of the most prominent architecture schools and applied arts of Germany from 1919 to 1933. During those years this School located in three German cities، respectively; Weimar، Dessau، and Berlin. The Bauhaus had always shown particular attention to industrial design and was active in the field of furniture design، lighting، packaging، exhibition stands and outdoor advertising. Among all، lighting products had a special position in the Bauhaus School. The specific focus of the Bauhaus on the lighting design mainly was due to the presence of the enthusiastic designers such as László Moholy-Nagy and Marianne Brandt stimulating hard work on this edge. László Moholy-Nagy with his activity in light-space modulator as well as his studies on light and shadow، photogram also his visions on managing metal workshop in the Bauhaus brought an applicable view on this field. Moreover، the works of Marianne Brandt as the most important lighting designer of the Bauhaus that made contracts with industry caused development in the lighting design in the Bauhaus School. Additionally، revenue came from selling mass production in the market made the highest motivation to the Bauhaus focusing the lighting issue. The Bauhaus motto was unifying art and industry. The Bauhaus’s products found their way to the market as they were far more progressed than their time. Even now many reputable companies reproduce and sell the same lighting products. In This article، the core functionality at industrial design will be studied with looking close at the significant lighting products of the Bauhaus. In this regard، some issues connected to the field of lighting in the Bauhaus school such as the lighting position at the Bauhaus، some significant samples of the Bauhaus lighting products، their application in the interior design، the designers of these products and the Bauhaus metal workshop in which many designs shaped into a product، have been studied in detail. Afterward، the three focal tasks، including functions of functional industrial design، aesthetic and symbolic in general have been reviewed in those products. Four samples pendant lamps، floor، desk and walls light have been shown in the table. In functional operation، the Bauhaus lighting products have been designed in accordance with the vision of “form follows function”. In other words، the lightings are just composed of main parts without extra details. Concerning the functions of the aesthetic، form of these products have features such as basic geometric shapes with primary colors also most of the time they are made of metal and glass. Also، these lights follow the rules of visual balance، rhythm، and proportional aspects. With reference to the symbolic function of the Bauhaus lights، they have been distinguished by objective influences of the Constructivism and the De Stijl. In the end، a perceptual map of three mentioned different function has been drowned for all eleven selected samples of the Bauhaus lights. All relevant information and design Specifications of the Bauhaus lightings from last century have been gathered under historical method and the information has been analyzed through descriptive and analytical approach.