پديد آورندگان :
كوچكي، عليرضا دانشگاه شهيد باهنر كرمان - دانشكده كشاورزي بردسير - گروه توليدات گياهي , نصيري محلاتي، مهدي دانشگاه شهيد باهنر كرمان - دانشكده كشاورزي بردسير - گروه توليدات گياهي , مرادي، روح اله مؤسسه تحقيقات چغندرقند، همدان , منصوري، حامد دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه زراعت
كليدواژه :
مويان , خاكپوش , تقسيط , بوم سازگار , بهره وري , الگوي كاشت
چكيده فارسي :
بهبود كارايي مصرف نهاده هاي كشاورزي اولين مرحله براي گذار از كشاورزي رايج به كشاورزي پايدار مي باشد. در اين راستا مطالعه حاضر جهت بررسي وضعيت موجود كارايي استفاده از نهاده هاي مختلف وارائه راهكارهايي به منظور افزايش كارايي استفاده از نهاده ها در بوم نظام هاي زراعي كشور صورت گرفت. بدين منظور، مطالعات انجام گرفته شامل 177 پژوهش در زمينه ميزان و كارايي استفاده از نهاده هاي مختلف از منابع اطلاعاتي متنوع موجود استخراج و مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. نتايج بررسي ها نشان داد كه به طور كلي با افزايش ميزان مصرف نهاده هاي مختلف در گروه هاي مختلف گياهان زراعي، كارايي زراعي استفاده از نهاده ها كاهش يافت. شيب كاهش كارايي مصرف نيتروژن به ازاي افزايش يك كيلوگرم از اين نهاده براي گياهان زراعي مختلف از 1/2 در گياه سيب زميني (Solanum tuberosum L.) تا 0/12 در گروه حبوبات متفاوت بود. اين روند براي كارايي مصرف آب از 10/62 براي سيب زميني تا 0/27 در چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) حاصل شد. در منابع مختلف راهكارهاي متفاوتي براي افزايش مصرف نهاده ها ارائه شده است. در زمينه بهبود كارايي مصرف نيتروژن، راهكارهايي همچون مديريت نوع منبع كودي مورد استفاده، تقسيط كاربرد نيتروژن و همچنين محلول پاشي گزارش شده است. براي بهبود كارايي مصرف آب نيز به تغيير روش هاي آبياري رايج به سمت آبياري تحت فشار، استفاده از خاكپوش ها و شخم كاهش يافته اشاره شده است. تغيير در تراكم و آرايش كاشت به منظور دريافت حداكثر تشعشع نيز به عنوان روش هاي بهبود كارايي جذب نور بيان گرديد. براي بهبود كارايي مصرف ساير نهاده هاي شيميايي و به ويژه علف كش ها استفاده از تكنولوژي هاي پيشرفته، تقسيط زمان مصرف و تركيب آن ها با افزودني هايي همچون مويان ها و روغن ها پيشنهاد شده است. با توجه به نتايج اين بررسي، بين كارايي مصرف آب و نيتروژن رابطه مثبت ولي ضعيف با ضريب تبيين 0/049 مشاهده شد، در صورتي كه بين كارايي ساير نهاده ها رابطه مشخصي مشاهده نشد. به طور كلي علي رغم اين كه مطالعات و پژوهش هايي در اين زمينه در سطح كشور انجام گرفته است و راهكارهايي جهت بهبود كارايي مصرف نهاده ها ارائه شده است ولي اتخاذ هاي لازم در جهت انتقال اين راهكارها به كشاورزان در سطح كشور مورد نياز مي باشد.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Fast switch to sustainable agriculture patterns is not impossible for many farmers. However to achieve
perfect sustainable in agro-ecosystems which are friendly with environment, changing conventional to
sustainable agriculture should be carried slowly. For this purpose, three effective steps were mentioned: first
level is increasing of inputs efficiency such as fertilizer and chemical pesticides which used in conventional
agriculture now. Second level is related to changing inputs by friendly environmental inputs as alternative inputs
and the final level is redesigning of the agro-ecosystems that its function is based on series of ecological process.
On the other hand, achieving sustainable agriculture requires higher efficiency of inputs and many process
should be replaced by friendly environmental inputs with chemical inputs and new system is designed based on
ecological principles. The objective of this study was to offer approaches for improving inputs use efficiency as
first step to transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture.
Material and Methods
In order to evaluate the transition status from conventional to sustainable agriculture in agro-ecosystems of
Iran, scientific resource and researches that was performed about increasing of inputs efficiency as first step to
transition from conventional to sustainable agriculture was studied. For this purpose, 177 studies that had been
performed about using different inputs and its efficiency in various crops were assessed. Applied inputs included
water, nitrogen and herbicides and studied plants included cereals (wheat, barley, rice, maize and sorghum),
beans (bean, pea and lentil), oil crops (canola, sunflower, safflower and sesame), medicinal plants, potato, sugar
beet and cotton. In this study, average and range of inputs use efficiency in different crops and also the
relationship between increasing of inputs application with their use efficiency was assessed. In the next part of
the study, the potential of increasing resource use efficiency without increase in inputs was evaluated.
Management approaches was considered as main factor to increase in resource use efficiency without increasing
of inputs.
Results and Discussion
Many studies have shown that the range of resource use efficiency for various crops is different in Iran.
Nitrogen use efficiency for fine-grain cereals ranged from 4.76 to 83 and for coarse-grain cereals was 3.6-94 by
37 and 44 as average, respectively. The higher mean resource use efficiency in coarse-grain cereal in comparison
to fine-grain cereal was due to higher yield of coarse-grain cereal. On the other hand, a coarse-grain cereal use
lower nitrogen to produce one kilogram grain than fine-grain cereal. Potato has the highest nitrogen use
efficiency by 190 as average and 22-510 as its ranging among other crops. Medicinal plants had the lowest mean
of nitrogen use efficiency. The results of the investigations illustrated that there was a negative relation between
increasing of nitrogen amount and its use efficiency in fine-grain cereal by 0.65 as determination coefficient. The trend of water use efficiency showed that increasing of extra water had adverse effect on its use efficiency in all
crops. Reduction slope of water use efficiency by applied water amount in various crops was different and the
highest decreasing was for potato as -10.6 and the lowest decreasing was -0.27 for sugar beet. Water use
efficiency for oil crops was reported from 15-111 kg per cm water. Some solutions was reported to improve
nitrogen use efficiency such as type of fertilizer source, split of nitrogen application and foliar application, also
changing common irrigation to pressurized irrigation methods, applying mulches and reduced tillage to also
improve of water use efficiency. To improve other inputs use efficiency especially herbicides, using advanced
technologies, splitting application time and mixed them with additives such as adjuvant and oils was suggested.
According to the findings of this study, the positive relation was observed between water and nitrogen use
efficiency with 0.049 determination coefficient, whereas it was not observed the clear correlation between other
inputs.
Conclusion
In general, it is necessary to adopt transferring these findings and solutions to farmers in Iran.
