تاثير همزيستي ميكوريزايي وكاربرد ازتوباكتر بر خصوصيات كيفي ژنوتيپ هاي مختلف گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) در شرايط ديم منطقه خرم آباد

Effect of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Azotobacter Application on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Qualitative Traits under Dry Condition of Khorramabad

به منظور بررسي تاثير همزيستي ميكوريزايي و كاربرد ازتوباكتر بر خصوصيات كيفي ژنوتيپ هاي مختلف گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) در شرايط ديم منطقه خرم آباد، آزمايشي به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با چهار تكرار در منطقه خرم آباد در پاييز سال زراعي 93-1392 انجام شد. تيمارها شامل تلقيح با قارچ ميكوريزا (Glomous sp.) در دو سطح (تلقيح و عدم تلقيح)، ازتوباكتر در دو سطح (تلقيح و عدم تلقيح) و ارقام مختلف گندم ديم شامل (سرداري، كوهدشت وكريم) بودند. نتايج نشان داد كه اثر رقم بر محتواي فسفر، نيتروژن، پتاسيم و پروتئين دانه معني دار شد. اثر ساده ازتوباكتر بر محتواي نيتروژن، پروتئين و فسفردانه و اثر ساده ميكوريزا بر محتواي فسفر، نيتروژن و پروتئين دانه معني دار شد. همچنين اثر متقابل ازتوباكتر و رقم بر محتواي نيتروژن و پروتئين دانه معني دار شد. بالاترين درصد وابستگي ميكوريزايي و درصد پاسخ رشد ميكوريزايي به ميزان 17/52 و 21/24 درصد مربوط به رقم كريم بود. در مجموع نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه كاربرد كودهاي بيولوژيك نقش مفيد و موثري در بهبود ويژگي هاي رشد و خصوصيات كيفي ژنوتيپ هاي مختلف گندم در شرايط ديم منطقه خرم آباد دارد.

Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important agricultural product which provides the biggest fraction of food to meet human needs. Human aims to increase agricultural productions via increasing of the yield per area and application different agronomic practices like fertilizers. As a result of these activities, some issues like environmental pollution and particularly pollution of water and soil resources with some pollutants which can enter in the human food chain and threaten their health became a global concern.. Sustainable agriculture is a system that is able to improve the environmental situation with optimum use of available resources and has a great role in supplying human food demands and promoting life quality of human societies. One of the most important principles of sustainable agriculture is the application of bio- fertilizers in agroecosystems to decrease the amount of chemical compounds. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the ecological practices represents the ancient history of the symbiotic relation of the Mycorrhiza fungus with plants in most of the ecosystems. Most of the plants (about 95 percent of vascular plant species) at least can have a symbiotic relation with one of the mycorrhizal species. Reviewing the influence of glumous spp. fungus on the growth of Wheat shows the role of fungus in increasing the contents of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and calcium in plant seeds and shoot. Also Azotobacter as a bacterial biofertilizer leads to more absorption and increasing the concentration of some necessary elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, mg, Fe, and the protein content of crops. Material and Methods The experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 agronomical year with a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications. In this experiment the effects of two biological fertilizers (1. Mycorrhiza in two levels of M1= inoculation and M2= no inoculation, 2. Azotobacter in tow levels of A1= inoculation and A2= no inoculation)were studied on three different Cultivars of Rain-fed wheat (V1: Sardari, V2: Kouhdasht, V3: Karim). In order to determine the N content of the seeds, the Kjeldahl methodology was used, and by multiplication of the N content of each sample in 5.83, the protein content of each sample was measured. Also P and K content of seeds were measured with spectrophotometry and flame spread (with AOAC standards) respectively. Results and Discussion As a result, Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza had a significant effect on P content of three studied varieties of wheat in this research. The highest seed P content was measured in Azotobacter inoculated treatments (36%) that showed a 9% superiority in compare to control. Also the treatment of seed with mycorrhiza caused a 36%increasement in P content which showes 12% superiority in compare to control.In three different varieties studied in this research, the highest seed P content was related to Karim variety. The effect of Variety on seed K content was significant and the highest amount was related to Sardari variety (63%). The effects of Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza and Variety on seed N content was significant, and the highest amount of seed N was related to a1v3 (Azotobacter inoculation on Karim variety) treatment that showed 38.65% superiority in compare to the control. Also, Azotobacter*mycorrhiza*variety and Azotobacter*variety interactions on seed protein content was significant and the highest amount of seed protein percentage was related to a1v3 treatment (Azotobacter*Kraim variety) that showed 40.44% superiority in compare to control. Conclusion Positive impacts of biofertilizers was observed in most of the studied traits of wheat in this study. The biggest amount of association of Azotobacter and and symbiosis of mycorrhiza with wheat was related to Karim variety. Also application of biofertilizers increased the accumulation of organic matter in soil, increasing root development and more availability of nutrients.