كليدواژه :
بهكشي , بهكشي غيرفعال , اِعمال خودمختاري اخلاقي , رنج تحميلي , حق مسلم حيات , جي فرانك روزنبرگ
چكيده فارسي :
روزنبرگ با اشاره به استشهاد مخالفان بهكشي به «حق مسلم حيات» و «ارجمندي استقلال اخلاقي» و استناد طرفداران آن به «امكان جلوگيري از سوءاستفاده» و «لزوم اجتناب از رنج درمانناپذير»، بيان ميكند كه از نظر او، مناقشۀ ايشان ريشه در واقعيات ندارد بلكه حاصل اختلاف منظرشان در قلمرو حقوق انساني و ناشي از آن است كه نوع «اخلاقي» فرد انساني تابع «نوع طبيعي» يا نوع «كاركردي»اش تلقي شده است. با فرض تشخص همۀ مواليد انساني در بدو تولد، روزنبرگ در پاسخ به اين سؤال كه آيا اين تشخص مرتبهاي ثابت است يا زوالپذير؟ طرفين را در نهايت اختلاف ميداند. او نوع «اخلاقي» شخص را همچون نوع «حقوقي»، هويتي اعطايي و غيرمبتني بر واقع ميشمارد كه داراي حق مطلق، سلبي و غيرفعال حيات است. وي با اشاره به خلط ميان «جواز» و «مطلوبيت» اخلاقي بهكشي، فلسفۀ تحليلي را در جايگاه حلوفصل اين التباس ميداند، اما در نهايت، پسنديدگي اخلاقي بهكشي را مسئلهاي خاتمهنيافته دانسته، داوري در اينباره را تابع عرف و تحولات علمي و لذا دستخوش تغيير تدريجي ميپندارد. ديدگاه روزنبرگ دستبهگريبان اشكالاتي ازجمله مصادرهاي بودن دلايل، نسبيگرايي و تناقض است كه همه بهنوعي به نگاه مادهگراي او به حقيقت انسان بازميگردد.
چكيده لاتين :
In his book, while referring to anti-euthanasia arguments such as "prima facie right to life", "possibility of arbitrary encroachments", and "venerability of moral independence", Rosenberg draws a careful sketch of pro-euthanasia arguments including "possibility of preventing any potential abuses" and "necessity of eschewing incurable sufferings". For him, this challenge has been given rise not out of realities but out of the two sides' different perspectives upon human rights; the challenge lies at the core of the fact that whether "moral" species of human individual derives from her "natural species" or from "functional species". Considering the fact that haecceity in all human beings is justifiable, Rosenberg comes to realize the two sides as mainly different in responding to the question whether the human haecceity is a stable/permanent degree or a transient one. He himself takes it for granted that the individuals' "moral" species, just like their "legal" species, comes true as an acquired phenomenon irrespective of reality to the extent that he treats the individual as having absolute, negative, and passive right to life. By indicating the confusion lied between moral "permissibility/permission" for and moral "desirability" of euthanasia, he deems analytic philosophy to obviate all of these challenges. However, he finally assumes the problem of the moral agreeability of euthanasia as unendingly controversial, and sees any judgments pertaining to the problem as originating from common sense as well as scientific shifts thereby becoming exposed toward gradual changes. Rosenberg's view grapples, as his own theory's blind spots, mostly with such problems as begging for the question fallacy, relativism, and contradiction all of which gain their own roots in his materialistic standpoint on the nature of humankind.