كليدواژه :
تزئينات , آسيب شناسي , نقاشي ديواري , ازاره سنگي , صفويه
چكيده فارسي :
مقبره شاه عباس دوم صفوي در ضلع شمالي ضريح مطهر حضرت معصومه (س)، بقعه اي 12 ضلعي با ارتفاع تقريبي 12 متر است كه در سال 1077 ق. ساخته و با انواع تزئينات مختلف مانند نقاشي روي ازاره سنگي و گچ، طلاكاري و كتيبه سنگي تزئين شده است. در اين مقاله توصيفي- تحليلي، تغييرات به وجود آمده در ساختار بقعه شاه عباسي در طول زمان و آسيب هاي ايجاد شده بر بنا و تزئينات آن مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. اگرچه تغييرات ساختاري بنا در طول زمان مانند تعويض سنگ هاي كف، جابجايي ازاره هاي ديوارها، مسدود كردن دريچه هاي سقف و نورگيرها به خاطر افزايش روزافزون زوار اجتناب ناپذير بوده است، با اين حال تاثيرات مخرب آن بر تزئينات به وضوح ديده مي شود. در بناهاي تاريخي، نمي توان تزئينات وابسته به معماري را جداي از كالبد بنا دانست، اين پيوستگي و درهم تنيدگي در بناهايي با كاركرد مذهبي بيشتر نمايان است. تغييرات ساختاري در بناي مورد مطالعه بدون هيچ ملاحظه اي نسبت به حفظ تزئينات، يا به حداقل رساندن آسيب به آنها صورت گرفته است. مطالعه اخير مويد اين نكته است كه تغييرات ساختاري در يك بناي تاريخي بر آسيب ديدن تزئينات وابسته به معماري تاثير مستقيم و قابل توجهي دارد. بنابراين تغييرات كالبدي بنا (با تـوجه به تاكيد مجامع بين المللي مربوطه) بايد با ملاحظات خـاص در مـورد حفظ تزئينـات آن صورت پذيرد.
چكيده لاتين :
The tomb of Safavid Shah Abbas II is a 12-sided monument that has been built and decorated in the vicinity of the holy shrine of Hazrat Masumeh (PBUH) in 1077 AH. This glorious tomb have benefited from the unique architectural features of the golden age of the Safavid art. This monument with a height of approximately 12 meters is adorned with a variety of different decorations such as paintings on a stone plinth, plaster paintings, gilding and stone inscriptions to name but a few. All of these that belonged to the Safavid king, were located in close proximity to the holy shrine of Hazrat Masumeh (PBUH). It is the only one tomb out of four that the Safavid kings have built near the holy shrine of Hazrat Masumeh (PBUH). In terms of architecture and decoration, it is highly valuable. The need to preserve such valuable work is obvious. Observations and surveys shows various fundamental changes during the time. These changes, in some cases, such as the development of the shrine, were inevitable because of the numerous pilgrims; however their damaging impacts on the ornaments are seen clearly. The most important changes in decision-making for restoration and protection include moving walls and changing in exit and entrance doors, along with the changes in the roof of the building and blocking skylights and its ventilation openings. In historical monuments, architectural ornaments cannot be separated from the structure, and this coherence and Interweaving is more explicitly obvious in religious buildings. In the tomb of Shah Abbas II, the stones of the floor were removed and after reinforcement, were replaced by concrete and new stones. Consequently, in addition to replacing the stone plinth, the tombstone of Shah Abbas II that was carved with poems was destroyed completely; and today there is no trace of these. By moving the marbles of the plinth, some changes were made at the entrance of the tomb. These replacement caused cracks and fissures through integrated stone plinth and severe damage to its flowers and plant motifs. In past years, the 12 ventilation opening located at the top of the monument were blocked. This was in addition to damages to the decorations due to the natural increase of the relative humidity and temperature as well as chemical process. These openings were re-opened in the year 2014, along with the rest of skylights with new wooden frames. This again caused more damages to decorations on the plaster of the frames. The structural changes in the studied building are done without any consideration to protect or minimize the damage to decorations and murals. In line with the emphases of the relevant international community such as ICOMOS, this study confirms that the structural changes in the architectural decorations of a historical monuments such as moving walls, removal of some parts of the building or even usage will impose a direct impact and significant damages to architectural decorations. Therefore, the physical changes shall be performed with great considerations for the decorations.
