مقايسه تحمل پريشاني، سبك هاي دفاعي، پايبندي مذهبي در مادران كودكان عقب مانده ذهني و كودكان عادي

Study of Effectiveness of Hope Therapy Educational Package Based on Cognition and Spirituality on Increase of Hope and Planning Ability of Mothers of Children Suffering from Cancer

ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﭘﺮﯾﺸﺎﻧﯽ، ﺳﺒﮏ ﻫﺎي دﻓﺎﻋﯽ، ﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ در ﻣﺎدران ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ذﻫﻨﯽ و ﻣﺎدران ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻋﺎدي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. روش ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ دادهﻫﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺪف ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي و از ﻧﻈﺮ روش ﮔﺮداوري داده از ﻧﻮع ﻋﻠﯽ-ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪاي ﺑﻮد. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪي آﻣﺎري ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺎدران ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ذﻫﻨﯽ و ﻣﺎدران ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻋﺎدي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ آﻣﺎري ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 70 ﻧﻔﺮ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎدران ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ذﻫﻨﯽ و ﻣﺎدران ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻋﺎدي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي در دﺳﺘﺮس اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﯾﺪﻧﺪ. اﺑﺰار اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي، ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﭘﺮﯾﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﯿﻤﻮﻧﺰ و ﮔﺎﻫﺮ (2005)، راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ اي ﺑﯿﻠﯿﻨﮕﺰ و ﻣﻮس (1984) و ﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﺟﺎن ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ (1388) ﺑﻮد. ﭘﺎﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش آﻟﻔﺎي ﮐﺮوﻧﺒﺎخ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آن ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻻي 70/. ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﻫﻤﯿﻦﻃﻮر از رواﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﺘﻮا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر آزﻣﻮن رواﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ رﺳﯿﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ داده ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ آﻣﺎر ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﯽ (ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮه) اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﭘﺮﯾﺸﺎﻧﯽ (ﺗﺤﻤﻞ، ﺟﺬب، ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ و ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ) در ﻣﺎدران داراي ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ذﻫﻨﯽ، ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺮ از ﻣﺎدران داراي ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻋﺎدي ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺎر ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﯽ، ﺟﻠﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﻣﻬﺎر ﻫﯿﺠﺎﻧﯽ در ﻣﺎدراﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ داراي ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﺎدرا داري ﮐﻮدك ﻋﺎدي، در ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎدران داراي ﻓﺮزﻧﺪان ﺳﺎﻟﻢ در راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻧﻤﺮه ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آورده اﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﻣﺎدران داراي ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﺎدران داراي ﮐﻮدك ﻋﺎدي ﺑﻮد ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ دوﺳﻮﮔﺮاﯾﯽ و ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ در ﻫﺮ دو ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﺑﻮد.

The present research was conducted to compare distress tolerance, defensive styles, and religious adherence in mothers of mentally retarded children and normal children. The research method was practical in terms of purpose and casual-comparative type in terms of data collection. The statistical population included all mothers of normal and mentally retarded children. The statistical sample included 70 individuals from mothers of normal and mentally retarded children that were selected based on available sampling method. The Research tools were Simons and Gahar’s distress questionnaire (2005), Billings and Moos’s coping strategies questionnaire (1984), and Janbozorgi’s religious adherence (2009). The reliability of questionnaires was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha and it was greater than 0.70 for the three questionnaires. Content validity was also used to test the validity of questionnaires and for this purpose the questionnaires were approved by due specialists. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of variance). Findings indicated that mean of distress tolerance components (tolerance, absorption, evaluation and regulation) in mothers of the children suffering from mental retardation was greater than mothers of the normal children. Mean of physical inhibition strategies, attraction of social support, and emotional inhibition was less in mothers of the retarded from mothers of the normal, while mothers of the healthy children achieved greater scores in problem solving strategies and cognitive assessment. The results also indicated that religious adherence of mothers of the retarded was higher than those with normal children, and mean of ambivalence and religious unfaithfulness was almost the same in both groups.