اقيانوس منجمد شمالي، صحنة تقابل ژئواكونوميكي و ژئواستراتژيكي قدرت هاي بزرگ

Arctic Ocean, Geo-economics and Geo Strategic Scene of Confront for Super Powers

اهميت قطب شمال در قرن حاضر از زماني نمايان شد كه روسيه يك فروند زيردريايي خود را در دوم اوت سال 2007، به ژرفاي 4261 متري اقيانوس منجمد شمالي فرستاد و پرچم اين كشور را در بستر اين اقيانوس نصب كرد. درواقع اين عمل روسيه، زمينه ساز مناقشهاي بزرگ بين كشورهاي حاشيۀ قطب شمال شد و حقيقت يكي از نظريه هاي ژئوپليتيكي قرن گذشته بهنام «نئوماهانيزم» را بر همگان روشن كرد. اين نوشتار در جستوجوي آن است كه مشخص كند، حاكميت بر اقيانوس منجمد شمالي به دليل داشتن يك چهارم منابع هيدرو كربن جهان و همچنين كوتاه شدن مسير هوايي و دريايي به دليل گذشتن از دايرۀ عظيمه، سبب شده كه قدرتهاي بزرگي همچون ايالات متحدۀ آمريكا و روسيه، بر سر تصاحب اين منابع در حال رقابت و حتي تقابل با يكديگر باشند؛ چرا كه براساس نظريۀ نئو ماهانيزم، در آينده كسي قدرت جهاني خواهد بود كه بتواند بر اين اقيانوس حاكميت كامل داشته باشد. سؤال اينجاست كه آيا ويژگي هاي ژئواكونوميكي اقيانوس منجمد شمالي، ميتواند زمينۀ تقابل قدرتهاي بزرگي همچون ايالات متحدۀ آمريكا، روسيه، كانادا، نروژ و... را در اين منطقه ايجاد كند؟ اين پژوهش با بررسي توصيفي ـ تحليلي، در نظر دارد با استفاده از نظريه هاي مطرح شده و تلفيق آنها و دستيابي بر يك چارچوب نظري جديد، به بررسي موضوع پژوهش بپردازد. به نظر ميرسد اهداف كشورهاي حاشيۀ اين اقيانوس، به دليل داشتن منابع بسيار عظيم و غني در قرن حاضر، بر مفهوم ژئواكونومي منطبق شدهاند؛ به همين سبب، اقيانوس منجمد شمالي را صحنۀ عمليات فرداهاي دور ناميده اند و در برخي منابع و كتب علمي، لقب مديترانۀ قطبي را براي آن برگزيده اند تا بار ديگر اقتصاد و در رأس آن انرژي را، منشأ تحولات استراتژيك قرار دهند.

Introduction The importance of the Arctic Ocean became obvious in this century when the Russia sent a submarine to that place in august 2, 2007,in depth of 4261 meters and fixed her flag on the flat of this ocean. In fact, this became a background for a great challenge between border countries of the Arctic. The geopolitical theory of the last century which was named new Mahanism became clear. This article tries to specify that governing over Arctic Ocean is a very important subject for great powers like U.S.A., Russia, Canada, Norway, and etc. Because this region has a quarter of hydrocarbon of the world and also the distance between continents is so much shorter in this region by both ship and airplanes. So it causes that great powers compete and even confront (face) to each other for taking more benefit of the region. This is based on the ideas of new Mahanism and other ideas believing that the next superpower is the country which could rule over this ocean. But it must be under the icebergs not over the waters. This is the question do the geoeconomic conditions of the arctic could provide a background for challenge among great powers like Russia U.S.A., Canada, and Norway? This research wants to verify this idea with regard to the different views to reach a new conclusion. Since the countries around this ocean have rich and great resources, it seems that they have important geoeconomic aims. That is why Arctic Ocean has been called the scene for very far tomorrows. Some scientific books and sources chose the title of polar Mediterranean in order to put economy in general and energy in particular as the main reason for strategic activities. The North Pole provides a new scene for political affairs like Mediterranean sea in previous century. Methodology This study is a descriptive - analytical research aimed to describe the geographic characteristics and uses of Geo-economics. Arctic resources, diverse and relevant maps and images for analysis is consistent with the information received. This research attempts to answer the question: could geoeconomical characteristics of the Arctic confront big powers like USA and Russia for the region to establish? Results and Discussion Attitude change in the strategies of government has caused the government to consolidate power and Geoeconomics as the main character, although they should be considered at the top of the international scene. In addition to evaluation of the characteristics in the Arctic geopolitical objectives in the Arctic neighbors and the strategies in this area have been examined by the United States and Russia. According to various geopolitical theories, the Arctic is the next stage of operations. Given the importance of water resources, the Arctic can create conflict between the great powers. Arctic's future strategic developments will play a major role in this area and this will reveal truth of Neo-Mahanism theory. U.S.A. is seeking to register a new baseline in order to increase its influence in the region. This region of Canada and stream leads to understanding of its territorial waters. Russia on the other hand, because of the long shores presumes is the right exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf. Potential Arctic coastal countries seek to ensure energy security. Perhaps the great powers such as China and India want to meet their growing needs. Geo-economics and Geo-strategic importance is a confrontation and conflict between the great powers of the world. Conclusion Arctic's future strategic developments will play a major role in this area will reveal truth Neo- Mahanism theory. U. S. looking to register a new baseline in order to increase its influence in the region. This region of Canada and stream leading to it understands its territorial waters. Russia on the other hand, because of the long shores presumes is the right exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf. Potential Arctic coast Arctic countries to ensure energy security it provides. Perhaps for the growing needs of the growing powers such as China and India meet. Geo-economics and Geo-strategic importance and is therefore a confrontation and conflict between the great powers of the world.