چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
One of the ways of provisional control and crimes prevention and, therefore, increase in the sense of security is to reduce the chance of crime by strengthening social relationships at the level of urban neighborhoods. Many theorists have commented on the relation between social factors and the level of the sense of security. Merry realized that the residents who lacked any kind of bond or social connection were more afraid of crimes. According to Jacob's theory, the feeling affiliated with the neighborhood and being committed to it plays a more important role relative to the presence of police in controlling the situation of the neighborhood and its security. In addition, Jan Gehl believes that monitoring urban spaces via increase in the residents' presence in the public or in other words, unofficial monitoring is the major condition to provide security. In relation to density, Georg Simmel believes that as the population density of cities increases, the intensity of social control decreases. Therefore, the sense of loneliness and anonymity of citizens is increased and their individuality is threatened. In fact, according to the approach of the sociology of security, one cannot analyze security alone as a situation without communicating with its social context. Therefore, by studying theoretical foundations of the research, this study has considered three social indicators (identity, social monitoring and population density) as the theoretical model of the research. The aim of this study is to investigate the sense of security to measure the role of social factors in the sense of security. This helps us classify neighborhoods in terms of social vulnerability and present suggestions to strengthen social factors to increase the sense of security in neighborhoods of District 6 of Isfahan Municipality.
Methodology
The statistical population of this study is 13 neighborhoods of District 6 in Isfahan Municipality. According to Cochran's formula, a sample size of 382 subjects was considered and to select the samples in statistical population, cluster random sampling was used. To determine validity, related experts were interviewed and to determine reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. The results show that the sense of security and social indicators are acceptable at alpha coefficients of 0.852 and 0.846, respectively. To analyze data, SPSS, Excel, and ARCGIS were employed. To investigate the indicators, a number of items were designed in the form of Likert scale and they were distributed among neighborhoods based on the obtained sample size.
Results and Discussion
The sense of security in District 6 of Isfahan Municipality
Table 2. the indicator of citizens' sense of security in District 6
Indicator
Test value=3
Evaluation of indicator
t-value
p-value
Mean difference
Confidence interval 0.95
lower limit
upper limit
Sense of security
-17.83
0.000
-0.707
-0.78
-0.62
Low
Source: Findings of the study
The role of social factors in the sense of security
Table 4. the status of security of neighborhoods in terms of social factors
Factor
Test value=3
Evaluation of indicator
t-value
p-value
Mean difference
Confidence interval 0.95
lower limit
upper limit
Social
-3.727
0.000
-0.143
-0.21
-0.60
Weak
Source: Findings of the study
Table 5. significance of the relation between social factors and the sense of security
Explanation
Sense of security
Physical factor
Sense of security
Correlation coefficient
Significance level
The number of observations
1
0.227**
0.001
195
Social factor
Correlation coefficient
Significance level
The number of observations
0.151*
0.035
195
1
Source: Findings of the study
*Significant at 95%, ** significant at 99%
the difference of social factors affecting the sense of security in neighborhoods of the district 6.
Table 6. social factors among neighborhoods
Factors
Variance
Sum of squares
Degree of freedom
Mean square
f-value
p-value
Social
Inter-group
31.549
12
5.691
57.357
0.000
Intra-group
33.540
182
0.064
Total
369.090
194
Table 7. Classification of neighborhoods in homogeneous groups based on social factor of security
Significance level of classes at 0.05 alpha level
Neighborhoods
3
2
1
1.751
Shahid Keshvari
2.349
Abshar
2.430
Hezar Jarib
2.565
Kooye Emam
2.568
Ayineh Khaneh
2.903
Sa'adat Abad
2.985
Mosalla Mosque
3.008
Feyz
3.199
Hemmat Abad
3.233
Denart
3.356
Takht-e Foolad
3.375
Radan
3.408
Fizidan
Source: Findings of the study
Conclusion
Results of the study showed that the sense of security in District 6 is very low and social characteristics affect the sense of security in District 6 of Isfahan Municipality. According to the results of Tukey's range test, it could be said that Shahid Keshvari, Abshar, Hezar Jarib, and Kooye Emam neighborhoods are classified, respectively, in the weak class. Ayineh Khaneh, Sa'adat Abad, Masjed Mosalla, and Feyz neighborhoods are in the middle class, and Hemmat Abad, Denart, Takht-e Foolad, Radan and Fizidan are classified in a better class in terms of social factors. Some strategies to strengthen social relations in line with increase in the sense of security especially in vulnerable neighborhoods are stated as follows:
- To focus on historical and cultural heritage in neighborhoods for increase in the sense of belonging and to design new elements, to strengthen natural territories and specify the border of neighborhoods using objective and subjective symbols, and to increase neighborhood bindings via strengthening neighborhood relationships.
- To strengthen the sense of public control through promoting the culture of accountability and controlling space by the citizens. This is to increase the possibility of supervision by designing buildings overlooking public areas, to install benches and platforms for sitting in susceptible areas and routes, and to increase public monitoring through creation of recreation spaces in neighborhoods.
- To divide neighborhoods into sub-neighborhood units, to direct planning to prevent extra vacancy of spaces in special hours, especially at night or overcrowding of spaces, to reduce population density via preventing the spread of vertical development and preventing the microfilming of neighborhood textures by adopting non-violent policies.
