واكنش عملكرد و اجزاء عملكرد گندم، جو و تريتيكاله در كشت مخلوط با لگوم‌ ها در شرايط رقابت با علف‌ هاي هرز

Response of yield and yield components of wheat, barley and triticale to intercropping with legumes under weed interference

به ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻏﻼت در ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﺎ ﻟﮕﻮم ﻫﺎ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز، آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ در ﺳﺎل زراﻋﻲ 94-1393 در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داراب، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻴﺮاز اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. در اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ 12 ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﻛﺎﺷﺖ (6 ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﮔﻨﺪم، ﺟﻮ و ﺗﺮﻳﺘﻴﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺪون و ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز و 6 ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻨﺪم+ ﻧﺨﻮد، ﮔﻨﺪم+ ﺑﺎﻗﻼ، ﺟﻮ+ ﻧﺨﻮد، ﺟﻮ+ ﺑﺎﻗﻼ، ﺗﺮﻳﺘﻴﻜﺎﻟﻪ+ ﻧﺨﻮد و ﺗﺮﻳﺘﻴﻜﺎﻟﻪ+ ﺑﺎﻗﻼ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز) در ﺳﻪ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد داﻧﻪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻏﻼت در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز و ﺣﺘﻲ در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺪون ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد داﻧﻪ ﺟﻮ در ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺟﻮ+ نخود (6241 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﻜﺘﺎر، 15 درﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز) اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﺎ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز (7313 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﻜﺘﺎر) و ﺟﻮ ﺑﺪون ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز (7621 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻫﻜﺘﺎر) ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ. ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي زﻣﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻏﻼت در ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﮔﻨﺪم+ ﺑﺎﻗﻼ (0/39) در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻮد و ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺗﺮﻳﺘﻴﻜﺎﻟﻪ+ ﻧﺨﻮد (0/31) و ﮔﻨﺪم+ ﺑﺎﻗﻼ (0/41)، در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺮز ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻮد. در ﻫﺮ اﻟﮕﻮي ﻛﺎﺷﺖ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺟﻮ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻗﺪرت رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻏﻼت در ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻓﻀﺎي ﻛﻤﺘﺮي را در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻚ ﻛﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر داﺷﺘﻨﺪ، اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻏﻼت ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺟﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻟﮕﻮمﻫﺎي ﻧﺨﻮد و ﺑﺎﻗﻼ در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﻮد.

In order to investigate the response of cereals to intercropping with legume in weed competition conditions, a field experiment was performed in 2014-2015 in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University. Treatments included 10 monoculture (wheat, barley, triticale, pea and bean with and without weeds) and 6 intercropping (wheat + chickpea, wheat + faba bean, barley + chickpea, barley + faba bean, triticale + chickpea and triticale + faba bean with Weeds) which laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that grain yield, biological yield and harvest index in some of intercropping treatments was similar to those in weedy monoculture and even in some cases similar to those in weed-free monoculture treatments which it shows that intercropping had a higher efficiency. For instance, grain yield in barley+ chickpea intercropping (6241 kg ha-1, 15 % reduction compared to weedy monoculture) was not significantly different from weedy barley monoculture (7313 kg ha-1) and weed-free barley monoculture (7621 kg h-1). Partial LER of cereals, in intercropping treatments except wheat+faba bean (0.39) based on weedy monocultures, was greater than 0.5 and also except intercropping of triticale + chickpea (0.31) and wheat + faba bean (0.41) based on weed-free monocultures was more than 0.5. Barley had a greatest grain and biological yield over all the treatments which it was because of its superior competitive ability against weeds. Since an intercropped cereals was planted in a less space as monoculture, these results showed that cereals-legume intercropping, especially barley-chickpea or barley-faba bean was more efficient to produce greater yield per unit area.