كراميان و اوضاع اجتماعي خراسان در دورۀ غزنويان

The Karrāmiyya and Social Situation of Khurasan during the Ghaznavid Period

ﻓﺮﻗﮥ ﮐﺮاﻣﯿﻪ ﮐﻪ از ﺳﺪه ﺳﻮم ﻫﺠﺮي ﭘﺪﯾﺪار ﺷﺪ، در دوره ﻏﺰﻧﻮﯾﺎن، ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﯽ ﭼﻨﺪ، رﺷﺪ ﮐﺮد و در ﺣﯿﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﺬاﺷﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺎزﮐﺎوي دﻻﯾﻞ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ رﺷﺪ ﮐﺮاﻣﯿﻪ، ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺣﻀﻮر آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن در دوره ﻏﺰﻧﻮﯾﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﺮاﻣﯿﺎن و ﺑﺤﺮان ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖِ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻏﺰﻧﻮي در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻗﺪرت ﯾﺎﺑﯽ آن ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ، زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﻤﮑﺎري ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﺮاﻣﯿﺎن و ﻏﺰﻧﻮﯾﺎن را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ. ﭘﯿﺸﻮاﯾﺎن ﮐﺮاﻣﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ـ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ و ﺧﺎﻧﻘﺎه، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻎ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺧﻮد ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻘﺎﯾﺪ ﺧﻮد در ﻣﯿﺎن ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﺎن، ﭘﯿﺸﻪ وران و ﮐﺎرﮔﺰاران ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﯽ، ﻋﻤﻼً ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺸﺮﺑﻨﺪي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽِ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن را در ﻫﻢ ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ اداري ﺑﻪ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺮوان ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺬاﻫﺐ و ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻔﺬ در ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ؛ اﯾﻦ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﻨﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺷﺪ.

The Karrāmiyya sect, which emerged in the third century AH, grew in the Ghaznavid period as a result of several factors, and affected the social life of Khurasan. This papaer investigates the social consequences of the Karrāmiyya’s activities in Khurasan during the time of Ghaznavid Sultans, and reviews the causes and factors of the growth of them. This article shows that the social status of Karrāmiyya as well as the crisis of the legitimacy of the Ghaznavid rule during the time of Sultan Mahmūd provided the basis for their cooperation. Using social-educational institutions such as school and khanakah, Karrāmiyya’s leaders propagated their sect and published their sect among the groups of businessmen, and government agents. In fact, the system of social stratification of Khurasan was broken by Karrāmiyya and they competed with the followers of other religions and influential groups in Khurasan to seize economic resources, social and administrative positions. This competition led to the creation of the first religious requisition in the history of Khurasan.