سير تداوم مفهوم عدل و امامت در نقوش تزييني معماري دوره تيموري و صفوي؛ با تأكيد بر نقوش مسجد گوهرشاد مشهد و مسجد امام اصفهان

The Continuation of the Conception of Justice and Imamate in the Timurid and Safavid Architectural Decorative Motifs, with an Emphasis on Motifs of Goharshad Mosque in Mashhad and Imam Mosque in Isfahan

ﻋﺪل و اﻣﺎﻣﺖ ﻧﺰد ﺷﯿﻌﯿﺎن، دو اﺻﻞ از اﺻﻮل ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﯿﻨﯽ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽ روﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﭘﺲ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ارزش ﻧﻤﻮد اﯾﻦ دو اﺻﻞ در ﻧﻘﻮش ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري، از دوره ﺗﯿﻤﻮرﯾﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺷﯿﻌﯽ در ﻧﻘﻮش ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ در ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﮔﻮﻫﺮﺷﺎد ﻣﺸﻬﺪ از دوره ﺗﯿﻤﻮري و ﻣﺴﺠﺪ اﻣﺎم اﺻﻔﻬﺎن از دوره ﺻﻔﻮي ﺑﭙﺮدازد و ﺳﻌﯽ دارد وﺟﻮد ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ و اﻣﺎﻣﺖ را در ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي اﻧﻮاع ﻧﻘﻮش ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن ﺳﺎزد. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻫﺪف، ﺳﺆاﻻت اﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﯾﺮ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ: - ﻧﻘﻮش ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ در دوره ﺗﯿﻤﻮري و ﺻﻔﻮي داراي ﭼﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ و ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﺷﯿﻌﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ - آﯾﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺷﯿﻌﯽ ﻧﻘﻮش ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ در ﻣﻌﻤﺎري دوره ﺻﻔﻮي اداﻣﻪ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻫﻤﺎن ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢِ دوره ﺗﯿﻤﻮري ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﺳﻨﺎدي و ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﮑﺘﻮب ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ، ﺷﮑﻞ و ﻣﺤﻞ و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻧﻘﻮش و ﮐﺘﯿﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي دو ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ و ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ از روي ﺷﮑﻞ ﻧﻘﻮش ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ در آن ﻫﺎ راﻫﯽ ﺟﺴﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻧﻘﻮش ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه اﺻﻮل ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﯿﻨﯽ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮي از آﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآﻧﯽ، اﺣﺎدﯾﺚ و ادﻋﯿﻪ در ﺑﺎب ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ و اﻣﺎﻣﺖ در ﮐﺘﯿﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﮔﻮﻫﺮﺷﺎد ﻧﺸﺎن از ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ از ﻋﻘﺎﯾﺪ ﺷﯿﻌﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﺎن ﺗﯿﻤﻮري دارد، و ﺣﺎﮐﻤﺎن ﺻﻔﻮي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺬﻫﺐ رﺳﻤﯽ، ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ از اﯾﻦ ﻋﻘﺎﯾﺪ را وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﺷﺮﻋﯽ ﺧﻮد ﻣﯽ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ

According to the Shiite, Justice and Imamate are two of the pillars of Islamic anthology. These two are behind the secrets hidden in decorative motifs particularly in architecture. The value of Justice and Imamate in Islamic decorative motifs of Persian Architecture looks more to the eye after the Timurid period. This research tried to depict the existence of Justice and Imamate concepts in the different decorative motifs including plant derived, geometric and inscriptions, focusing on the motifs of the Goharshad mosque in Mashad in Timurid era and comparing it to Imam Mosque in Isfahan during the Safavid period. The goal of the study is to investigate the Shiite notions in the decorative motifs of the Islamic Iranian architecture in Goharshad mosque, as a mosque commissioned by the sunnit and the existence of the same motifs in Imam mosque of Isfahan, as a mosque ruled by the Shiite. To achieve this goal, library and field studies have been conducted. Meanwhile, historical, analytical and comparative methods have been used as well. The results demonstrate that the inscriptions had a considerable role in promoting Shiite beliefs in both Timurid and Safavid periods. Utilizing Quranic verses, prophetic traditions (Hadith) and supplications (prayers) on Justice and Imamate in the inscriptions of Goharshad mosque shows how Timurid Sunni rulers supported the Shiite beliefs and the Safavid rulers considered it a religious duty to support those beliefs.