سه كالبد بودا

The Three Bodies of Buddha

ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻣﻬﺎﯾﺎﻧﮥ ﺑﻮداﯾﯽ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﮥ ﺗﺮي-ﮐﺎﯾﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺳﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﺑﻮدا را در ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﺑﻮدا اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ، ﺑﻮدا داراي ﺳﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام در ﯾﮏ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ اي از ﺗﺠﻠﯽ ﻗﺮار دارد. ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﺑﻮدا، ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ دﻫﺮﻣﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻫﻤﮥ اﺷﯿﺎء اﺳﺖ و اﻧﺴﺎن در ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ از ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام از دو ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻬﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺻﻮل ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ ﺧﻮد ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮﺧﺎﺻﯽ از دﻫﺮﻣﻪ- ﮐﺎﯾﻪ دارﻧﺪ. ﺳﻤﺒﻬﻮﮔﺎ-ﮐﺎﯾﻪ، دوﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ، ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻫﺶ در آﺳﻤﺎن اﺳﺖ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮدي ﺳﺘﻮه ﻫﺎ از آن ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﺑﻮدا در ﻣﺮﺗﺒﮥ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ از ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ دﻫﺮﻣﮥ او ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﺳﻮم ﺑﻮدا ﻧﯿﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ-ﮐﺎﯾﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻮدا ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﮥ آن ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ داراي درﺟﮥ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮي از ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﺠﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزد. درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﻋﺘﻘﺎدات ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻣﻬﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪ، ﺑﻮدا ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺷﺎﮐﯿﻪ ﻣﻮﻧﯽ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﺠﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزد.

Mahāyāna school of Buddhism introduces the doctrine of Tri-kāya or the three bodies of Buddha for explaining the nature of the Buddha. According to this theory, Buddha has three bodies or three different manifestations. The most important body of Buddha is dharma kāya and it is the real essence of all things, so, it resides in innermost part of human beings and only through the mystical knowledge men could be aware of it. However, different schools of Mahāyāna, based on their philosophical viewpoints presents different interpretation of dharma- kāya. The second body of Buddha is Sambhogā- kāya which dwells in heaven and only Bodhisattvas could enjoy it. This body of Buddha is in the lower place than dharma body. Another body of Buddha is Nirmāna-kāya. It is the visual manifestation of Buddha on the earth. This is the historical Buddha who brought his emancipating knowledge to people. According to this doctrine Buddha not only manifested himself as Šakyamunī but also have appeared in different forms or bodies.