نگارش آغازين و جايگاه آن در تطور فرهنگ و ادراك انسان: نقدي بر كتاب «شكل گيري و توسعه آغاز نگارش در ايران»

Writing and its place in human cultural and cognitive evolution; A review of The book "The formation and development of proto-writing in Iran

اين مقاله به بررسي و نقد كتاب «شكل ‌گيري و توسعه آغاز نگارش در ايران؛ از پيش‌ ازتاريخ تا آغاز عيلامي» اختصاص دارد. موضوع اين كتاب يكي از بنيادين ‌ترين بزنگاه‌ هاي همه فرهنگ ‌هاي انساني و انسانيت است؛ چگونگي شكل ‌گيري خط و نگارش در ميان فرهنگ‌ هاي انساني و خاستگاه‌ هاي باستان‌ شناختي آن. در اين مقاله تلاش مي ‌شود تا ضمن برشماري نقاط قوت و ضعف اين كتاب، اهميت كنكاش عميق ‌تر در موضوع آن تشريح و نشان داده شود. خواهد آمد كه نويسنده با وجود اشراف نسبي بر منابع و آثار در پرداخت و تبيين بنيان‌ ها، شالوده‌ ها و مؤلفه‌ هاي باستان‌ شناختي، معرفت‌ شناختي و چيستي ‌شناختي نماياني خط و نگارش، به‌ شكلي منسجم و جامع درمانده و موضوعي را كه مي ‌توانست عرصه ‌اي براي طرح پرسش ‌ها در مورد تطور فرهنگ و قواي شناختي و معرفتي انسان باشد، در سه فصل ازهم‌ گسيخته و فاقد ساختارهاي نظري و روش ‌شناختي انسجام ‌بخش، رها ساخته است. در ادامه به طرح برخي از مهمترين مسائل باستان ‌شناختي و معرفت ‌شناختي مربوط به دلايل و پيامدهاي تكوين و تطور خط و نگارش پرداخته و نشان داده مي‌ شود كه اين رويداد، هرجا واقع ‌شده، از جمله ايران، كليت انسان بودن و تعريف از انسانيت را در معرض دگرگوني ‌هاي بنيادين قرار داده است.

The paper concerns with an assessment and review of a book by Hessari titled "The formation and development of proto-writing in Iran (from pre-writing to Proto-Elamite)". The book is dedicated to an interesting and one of the fundamental breakthroughs of human cultures and humanity at all, namely how of writing systems formation, as well as its archaeological origins. More importantly, the main concern of the book is to examine and taking a deep look at that periods of very beginings of early writing systems through an attempt to discuss pre-writing stages which have had an immediate effect on earliest forms of ancient writing. The paper regards to highlight weaknesses as well as strengths of the book by emphasizing the significance of a deeper penetrating on the issues related to why and how of the rise of early writing. It will be suggested that the author, despite of his relative surveillance on the main sources of information, both archaeological and theoretical, about the beginning and evolution of early writing, has failed in treating and explaining archaeological, epistemological and ontological foundations of the topic comprehensively, from the pre-writing levels up to earliest forms of writing in proto-historic Iran, reducing such a substantial subject which could create a basis for bringing up some of the most significant archaeological and epistemological problematics on the consequences of writing genesis and evolution just to three relatively non-uniform chapters. The paper shows conclusively the fundamental importance of the evolution of earliest writing systems in Iran, not only on the basis of its economic, social consequences, but also according to its overall influences on transforming the concept of being-human and its relation to the world.