چكيده لاتين :
1-Introduction
When a word resembles the meaning of another word, both words are in the same
ideal cognitive domain and follow a certain conceptual cognitive pattern. Such
associations suggest important relations between these concepts that can be because
of so many reasons like cultural priorities. Making a new association and eventually
a new concept out of a new word, depends on the importance and the state of the
association. Linguists' emphasis on the existence of focal and prominent meaningful
entity for every single one of the concepts has been the fountain of many
investigations for determining various meanings of a concept and its focal meaning
in the form of semantic network.
2- Theoretical Framework
Some similar researches involve: (Achresh & Jahromi, 2015), (Afrashi et al., 2012),
(Afrashi et al., 2015), (Afshari & Samet, 2014), (Ghavam Esperghem, 2015),
(Golshaieb et al., 2014), (Graf, 2011), (Hesabi, 2016), (Ibañez-Moreno, 2005),
(Mousavi et al., 2015). (Nasib & Izanloo, 2016), (Rasekh Mahand & Ranjbar
Zarabi, 2013), (Rezaee & Rafiee, 2016), (Seargeant, 2009), (Sorahi, 2012), (Zahedi
& Mohammadi Ziyarat, 2011).The common point that can be found among these
researches and similar ones is that they try to determine different meanings of a word
and draw its semantic network. The point that has usually been ignored is the grounds
or inspirations that these meanings originated from. In the current research, based on
the assumption that meanings are inspired by concrete or abstract features (social,
psychological, cultural, etc.), the motivations of the meanings of bread in Farsi are
going to be investigated.
3- Methodology
For collecting different meanings of bread, 18 Persian dictionaries and a corpus
containing more than 2,600,000 words were covered. Meanings were elicited by referring to dictionaries' explanation for that special entry, then the prominent feature
of bread that played the most salient role in making the meaning, was gained. For
instance, the idiom "naan-e sefid-e falak" that could literally be translated as "white
bread of sky" means (is record ed in the dictionaries as) "moon". When it is asked
what feature of bread has inspired this meaning, it leads to "appearance": Similarity
between a white round bread and the moon. Therefore, the shape and appearance of
bread has been the ground and motivation for this idiom.
4- Results
In this research, the role of experience in creating various secondary meanings is
studied. According to Fillmore (1982), meaningful elements in a language are
created based on recurring experiences. Concepts are frames containing a collection
of experiences that in contact with new phenomenon, one of their aspects can be
triggered. On the other hand, for using the idiom "yek loghmeh na@n"/"a bite of
bread" meaning "a little amount of food or money", the concept of amount has been
triggered, or in another idiom "nan-daani"/"bread's place" meaning "stomach", the
place of bread has been triggered. Therefore, it can be said that tracing the semantic
triggers of concepts leads to valuable information about different aspects of life and
culture of societies.
5- Conclusion
According to Lakoff and Johnson (2003), our conceptual system is the result of our
interaction with our culture and physical environment. It is interesting that in some
idioms the meaning of bread refers to high value and in some to low value. The low
value of bread can be traced through history in periods that Farsi speakers were
suffering from drought and famine and vice versa, the high value of bread can be
traced in periods that this foodstuff has been abundant. This research showed that
meanings are not arbitrary and there are not any meanings out of the circle of features
and interaction concerning them. It approved results of Buccino, Colagè, Gobbi &
Bonaccorso, (2016) that by neuro-physiological investigation and analyzing the
linguistic meaning reached to the conclusion that neurological structure of brain of
human is responsible for perceiving sensual, dynamic and emotional meaning of
words that proves embodied meaning in linguistics. The most important role of
embodiment is generating commonalities from experiences of various people in a
language society. These experiences build the infrastructure of common linguistic
meanings.
