پديد آورندگان :
نورمحمديان تاج آبادي، مژده دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، واحد رفسنجان - گروه روان شناسي , كريمي، منيره دانشگاه فرهنگيان، كرمان - گروه علوم تربيتي , ميرزايي شمس آباد، هنگامه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، واحد رفسنجان - گروه روان شناسي , منظري توكلي، وحيد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، واحد رفسنجان - باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان
كليدواژه :
گشتالت‌درماني گروهي , اميد به زندگي , احساس تنهايي , زنان سالمند
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: سالمندي دوران حساسي از زندگي است كه افراد را در معرض تهديدات بالقوه‌اي نظير تنهايي، از‌دست‌دادن حمايت اجتماعي و استقلال فردي قرار مي‌دهد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اثربخشي گشتالت‌درماني گروهي بر اميد به زندگي و احساس تنهايي زنان سالمند شهر كرمان انجام شد.
روش‌بررسي: پژوهش از نوع شبه‌آزمايشي با طرح پيش‌آزمون - پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه بود. جامعهٔ آماري اين پژوهش شامل تمامي زنان سالمندي بود كه در سال 1397 در آسايشگاه‌هاي سالمندان شهر كرمان اقامت داشتند. نمونه شامل 24 زن سالمند بود كه به‌طور تصادفي از ميان دو مركز انتخاب و به تصادف در دو گروه آزمايش و گواه جاي‌گذاري شدند. در گروه آزمايش گشتالت‌درماني گروهي در 8 جلسه آموزش داده شد. گروه گواه مداخله‌اي دريافت نكرد. هر دو گروه قبل و بعد از اجراي آزمايش به پرسشنامهٔ اميدبه‌زندگي ميلر (1997) و مقياس احساس تنهايي راسل و همكاران (1980) پاسخ دادند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS-20 و روش‌هاي آماري ميانگين، انحراف معيار و تحليل كوواريانس در سطح معناداري (0٫01= α) تجزيه و تحليل شدند.
يافته‌ها: نتايج تحليل كوواريانس نشان داد كه گشتالت‌درماني گروهي بر اميد به زندگي و احساس تنهايي زنان سالمند تأثير معناداري داشت (0٫001>P).
نتيجه‌گيري: بر اساس يافته‌هاي اين پژوهش گشتالت‌درماني گروهي با تأكيدي كه بر زمان حال، آگاهي و احساس كامل بودن دارد به زنان سالمند كمك مي‌كند تا بر احساس تنهايي خود فائق آمده و اميدبه‌زندگي خود را بهبود ببخشند.
چكيده لاتين :
Background & Objective: Elderly is a sensitive period of human life, in which individuals exposed to potential threats such as increased chronic
illness, loneliness and isolation, and lack of social support, and due to physical and mental disabilities, in cases, many of their autonomy is
threatened. Therefore, attention to the issues and needs of this stage of life is a social necessity. The statistics show that at present, the country
experiences the transition from age to age. Life expectancy is one of the issues of today's age in health care and is one of the biggest health goals
for improving the health of individuals and in recent years has recognized as one of the most critical factors affecting the lives of people,
especially the elderly and the disabled. Life expectancy is a statistical indicator that indicates how long a lifetime is in a society, or, in other
words, how many members of that community can expect to live for some years. On the other hand, with age and the onset of aging, older adults
gradually lose some of their physiological and psychosocial functions. Denial of social activities tends to depress seniors and increase their sense
of loneliness. Evidence suggests that loneliness is a widespread phenomenon, and 25 to 50 percent of the total population over 65 years of age
experience it regarding age and gender. Therefore, in order to find an effective way to reduce the sense of loneliness, frustration and mental
problems of the elderly, and considering that gestalt therapy is about empowering the elderly in full self-esteem and emphasizing awareness and
that life at any moment must be fully informed and present. The need for ongoing research should be considered. This study aimed to investigate
the effect of group gestalt therapy on increasing hope and reducing loneliness in elderly women.
Methods: The research was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of this study
consisted of all elderly women in Kerman who resided in nursing homes in 1397. Among the elderly residents, two randomized centers were
selected and then, referring to these two centers, 24 elderly women were selected randomly and divided into two groups of experimental and
control groups (12 each). The experimental group received eight sessions of group therapy. The control group did not receive an intervention
during this period. The research tools included Miller's Life Expectancy Questionnaire (1997) and Russell et al. (1980). After eight sessions,
gestalt therapy again performed from both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation
and covariance at a significant level (P<0.001).
Results: The results showed that after comparing the mean scores and standard deviation of the pre-test and post-test of the two groups, the mean
scores and standard deviation of the experimental group in the post-test were significantly different from the pre-test. The results of covariance
analysis showed that group gestalt therapy had a significant effect on life expectancy and loneliness in elderly women (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, group gestalt therapy with an emphasis on the present, awareness, and feeling of being
perfect helps the elderly to assume responsibility for their lives. Additionally, the elderly find that there is no need for dependence on others and
that an independent creature can be created; and aging is part of the process of human development. Hence, they can overcome their sense of
loneliness and improve their liveliness. In the field of application, it suggested that in nursing homes, the group's gestalt therapy program should
be used as a proposed treatment. By teaching gastalt therapies to the elderly, effective steps can be taken to improve their mental and physical
health.
