نگاهي نو به ماهيت ضمان در پرتو مفهوم و هدف از تشريع آن

A new view on the nature of guarantee contract in the light of concept and aim of its legalization

درباره ماهيت عقد ضمان دو ديدگاه متفاوت وجود دارد. ازآنجاكه هدف از تشريع عقد ضمان در فقه شيعه احسان و امتنان به مديون است، عقد ضمان را موجب نقل ذمه مي‌دانند؛ به ‌اين‌ معنا كه با تحقق عقد ضمان، ذمۀ مديون بري و ذمۀ ضامن مشغول مي‌گردد؛ براين‌اساس، هر امري كه موجب بقاي ذمۀ مديون بعد از ضمان گردد، سبب بطلان شرط و عقد مي‌شود. درمقابل، فقيهان اهل سنت هدف از تشريع عقد ضمان را حمايت از طلبكار، و ضمان را موجب ضم ذمه مي‌دانند؛ بنابراين، با تحقق عقد ضمان، طلبكار براي مطالبۀ طلب خويش به‌جاي يك نفر حق مراجعه به دو نفر را دارد. براين‌اساس، در اين نوشتار درصدد بررسي اين پرسش‌ها هستيم: هدف از تشريع عقد ضمان چيست؟ ضمان از چه ماهيتي (نقل ذمه يا ضم ذمه) برخوردار است؟ به‌اجمال، مي‌توان گفت هدف از تشريع ضمان احسان به مديون است و نقل ذمه همخوان با اطلاق عقد ضمان است نه اقتضاي ذات آن؛ بنابراين، با شرط ضمن عقد، امكان برقراري تضامن وجود دارد. توجه به مفهوم لغوي ضمان، يعني قرار گرفتن و دربرگرفتن چيزي در چيز ديگر، همانند كفالت و رهن، نشانگر جنبه وثيقه‌اي ضمان است؛ درحالي‌كه دربارۀ احساني بودن كفالت و همچنين گرويي كه از ثالث گذاشته مي‌شود، ترديدي نيست.

There are two viewpoints on the nature of guarantee contract. Considering that the Shiite jurisprudents (Foqaha)`s view on the purpose of legalizing guarantee contract is based on kindness and favor to the debtor, they regards contract of guarantee as a transferor of obligation. Accordingly, when the mentioned contract takes place, the debtor`s obligation is cleared but the guarantor is indebted. Consequently, any clause which causes the debtor`s obligation to continue after his guaranty, nullifies the clause and the contract. By comparison, the Sunni jurisprudents believe that the aim of legislating a guarantee contract is protecting a creditor, and a guarantee creates an additional obligation for him. Therefore, as the contract of guarantee happens, the creditor has a right of return to two persons in order to demand his own due instead of one person. Hence, I am studying this question in this paper: what is the purpose of legislating a guarantee contract? what is the nature of the mentioned guarantee? It can be summarized that the aim of legislating a guarantee is doing a favor the debtor and transferring an obligation is according to being absolute of a guarantee contract not in its nature. For this reason, there may be a joint liability where a contract is concluded with a condition. Paying attention to the literal concept of guarantee which is synonymous with placing and including something as a part of group, shows the bail aspect of guarantee as suretyship and security. However, there is no doubt that suretyship and security are the third party`s doing favor.